Anatomy Flashcards
Immovable joints
Synarthroses/Fibrous
i.e. sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis
Zones of Osteogenesis
Resting Zone Zone of Proliferation Zone of Hypertrophy Zone of Calcification Zone of Ossification
Freely movable joints
Diarthroses/Synovial
Slightly movable joints
Amphiarthroses/Cartilagenous
i.e. synchondrosis, symphysis
Plane joints
Sternoclavicular
Acromioclavicular
Carpals
Hinge joints
Elbow
Knee
Ankle
Pivot joints
Atlantoaxial
Radioulnar
Condyloid joints
Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle)
Ellipsoidal joint
Wrist
Saddle joint
Carpometacarpal of thumb
Ball and socket joint
Shoulder
Hip
Structures that pass through the quadrangular space
Axillary Nerve
Posterior Circumflex Humeral Vessels
Structure that passes through the triangular space
Circumflex Scapular Vessels
Main FLEXOR of the forearm
Brachialis
Main SUPINATOR of the forearm
Biceps Brachii
Main EXTENSOR of the forearm
Triceps Brachii
Forearm:
Superficial Group
Pronator Teres
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Palmaris Longus
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Forearm:
Intermediate Group
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
Forearm:
Deep Group
Flexor Pollicis Longus
Flexor Digitorum Profundus
All muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm are innervated by the median nerve EXCEPT:
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Flexor Digitorum Profundus (medial side)
Subsartorial Canal
Hunter’s Canal
Adductor Canal
Contents of the Cubital Fossa
Medial to Lateral: Median Nerve Brachial Artery Biceps Brachii Tendon Radial Nerve
All thenar muscles are innervated by the median nerve EXCEPT:
Adductor Pollicis (Ulnar Nerve)
The _________ is not inside the femoral sheath.
Femoral Nerve
Contents of the Adductor Canal
Femoral Artery
Femoral Vein
Saphenous Nerve
Nerve to Vastus Medialis
The Achilles Tendon is what type of tissue?
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Unpaired Cranial Bones
Frontal
Occipital
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
PAIRED: Parietal and Temporal
Paired Facial Bones
Palatine Lacrimal Maxilla Nasal Inferior Nasal Concha Zygomatic
UNPAIRED: Vomer and Mandible
Tendinous sheet covering the calvaria, suspect damage in cases of gaping wound
Galea Aponeurotica
Allows free movement of the scalp proper (skin, subcutaneous tissue, aponeurosis), contains EMISSARY VEINS which are danger sites for infection
Loose Connective Tissue
Paralysis Agitans
Parkinson’s Disease
Involuntary, irregular, jerking movement
Chorea (degeneration of striatal neurons, presents with dementia)
Large flailing movements due to damage to contralateral SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS
Hemiballismus
Structures that maybe affected in Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
CN’s III, IV, VI
CN V (Ophthalmic and Maxillary Divisions)
Internal Carotid Artery
Muscles of Mastication:
Closes the jaw
Temporalis
Masseter
Medial Pterygoid
Muscles of Mastication:
Opens the jaw
Lateral Pterygoid
Tic Douloureux: episodes of sharp, stabbing pain that radiate over the areas innervated by sensory branches maxillary or mandibular divisions of CN V
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Innervation:
Muscles of Mastication
Trigeminal Nerve
Innervation:
Muscles of Facial Expression
Facial Nerve
Innervation:
Muscles of Deglutition
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Innervation:
Muscles of Phonation
Vagus Nerve
Pharyngeal Arch Derivatives
muscles of MASTICATION: PA 1
muscles of FACIAL EXPRESSION: PA 2
muscles of DEGLUTITION: PA 3
muscles of PHONATION: PA 4,6
Lingual Papillae:
large and flat-topped, anterior to the terminal sulcus
Vallate
Lingual Papillae:
long and numerous, contains afferent nerve endings sensitive to touch
Filiform
Lingual Papillae:
mushroom-shaped, most numeroud at the APEX and SIDES
Fungiform
Lingual Papillae:
small lateral folds of the lingual mucosa, poorly developed
Foliate
Innervation:
muscles of the TONGUE
Hypoglossal Nerve except for Palatoglossus (CN X)
Innervation:
mucous membrane of the tongue
Anterior 2/3: CN V
Posterior 1/3: CN IX
Innervation:
taste buds of the tongue
Anterior 2/3: CN VII
Posterior 1/3: CN IX
Where does the spinal cord end at birth, at 6 months old and in adults?
L3, S1, L1 respectively
Triangle of Auscultation
Latissimus Dorsi
Trapezius
Medial Border of Scapula
Lumbar Triangle of Petit
External Oblique
Latissimus Dorsi
Iliac Crest
Vertebral Level:
Hyoid Bone
Bifurcation of Common Carotid Artery
C3-C4
Vertebral Level:
Thyroid Cartilage
Carotid Pulse
C5
Vertebral Level:
Cricoid Cartilage
Start of Trachea and Esophagus
C6
The only bone that does not articulate with another bone?
Hyoid
Contents of the Carotid Sheath
Common and Internal Carotid Arteries
Internal Jugular Vein
Vagus Nerve
Contents of the Carotid Triangle
Internal Carotid Artery
External Carotid Artery
Internal Jugular Vein
Contents of the Muscular Triangle
Sternohyoid Sternothyroid Thyrohyoid Thyroid Parathyroids Larynx
A deep gash in the posterior triangle of the neck can cut the
External Jugular Vein and Subclavian Artery
These two vessels cross the supraclavicular/suboccipital triangle of neck.
The Accessory Nerve crosses what triangle of the neck?
Occipital Triangle
The first endocrine gland to develop (24 days after fertilization)
Thyroid Gland
Forms the laryngeal prominence of the neck
Thyroid Cartilage
All intrinsic muscles of the larynx are innervated by the inferior laryngeal nerve except
Cricothyroid (innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve)
The only muscle that ABDUCTS the vocal folds
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle
ADDUCT the vocal folds
Lateral Cricoarytenoid and Arytenoideus Muscles
Relaxes the vocal folds
Thyroarytenoid Muscles
Stretches and tenses the vocal folds
Crycoarytenoid
Close the laryngeal aditus (sphincter function)
Transverse and Oblique Arytenoid Muscles
Innervates the Thyrohyoid Membrane, sensory above vocal cord area
Internal Laryngeal Nerve
Motor to muscles of phonation except cricothyroid, sensory below vocal cord area
Inferior/Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
Cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus
Lesser Occipital (C2) Greater Auricular (C2 and C3) Transverse Cutaneous (C2 and C3) Supraclavicular (C3 and C4)
Formed by fibers from the union of hypoglossal, C1, C2 and C3 nerves
Ansa Cervicalis (innervates the infrahyoid muscles)
Zones of penetrating neck trauma:
Inferior border of the CRICOID cartilage
Zone I
Note: injuries to Zones I and III obstruct the airway and may have greater risk for morbidity and mortality
Zones of penetrating neck trauma:
Above the level of the ANGLE OF THE MANDIBLE
Zone III
Zones of penetrating neck trauma:
Extends from the cricoid cartilage to the level of the angle of the mandible
Zone II
Note: injury to this zone is most common but morbidity and mortality are lower because vascular damage may be controlled by direct pressure and structures involved are easily visualized
Most commonly fractured ribs
Ribs 7-10
Note: lower rib fractures can potentially injure the diaphragm and cause hernia
Weakest point of the rib
Anterior to the ANGLE
Atypical ribs
Ribs 1, 2, 10, 11 and 12
Atypical Cervical Vertebrae
C1, C2, C7
A syndrome involving compression of the neurovascular bundle passing between the anterior scalene and middle scalene muscles.
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Structures involved:
Brachial Plexus
Subclavian Artery and Vein
What is the last tissue layer that the needle must traverse in order to reach the accumulating blood in pericardiocentesis?
Parietal Pericardium
skin - fascia - rectus sheath - rectus abdominis - fibrous layer - serous layer (parietal pericardium)
Muscles that depress the ribs
Serratus Posterior Inferior
Internal Intercostals
Transversus Thoracis
Mnemonic: “SIT”
Supplies the left atrium and ventricle
Circumflex Branch of the Left Coronary Artery
Supplies the interventricular septum and apex
Anterior Interventricular Branch of the Left Coronary Artery
LAD
Supplies the right ventricle
Anterior Interventricular Artery and Marginal Branch of Right Coronary
Supplies the right atrium
Right Coronary Artery
Eparterial Bronchus
Right Superior Bronchus
A foreign body is more likely to lodge in the RIGHT MAIN BRONCHUS because
It is SHORTER, WIDER and MORE VERTICAL
Common locations of aspirated foreign body
Posterior Basal BPS: standing or sitting
Superior BPS: supine
Posterior BPS: lying on the right
Inferior Lingular BPS: lying on the left
In doing thoracentesis, to avoid injury to intercostal nerve and vessels, the needle should be inserted
ABOVE the rib,
passing through the following structures:
skin - superficial fascia - external intercostal - inner intercostal - innermost intercostal - parietal pleura
The superior vena cava drains into the right atrium at the level of
3rd right chondrosternal junction
Level I LN
Mnemonic: “LAP”
Lateral/Humeral
Anterior/Pectoral
Posterior/Subscapular
Level II LN
Central
Interpectoral (Rotter’s Nodes)
Level III LN
Apical
Most common site of axillary LN metastasis
Lateral/Humeral Nodes
Inguinal Falx or Conjoint Tendon
Aponeurotic fibers of Internal Oblique and Transversus Abdominis
Tenses the Linea Alba
Pyramidalis (not always present)
Inguinal Triangle
Superior and lateral: Inferior Epigastric Artery
Inferior and lateral: Inguinal Ligament
Medial: Rectus Abdominis
Inguinal Canal
Anterior: EO Aponeurosis
Posterior: Transversalis Fascia and Conjoint Tendon
Superior: IO and TA
Inferior: Inguinal Ligament
Contents of the Inguinal Canal
Males: spermatic cord and ilioinguinal nerve
Females: round ligament and ilioinguinal nerve
Cremater Muscle is derived from
Internal Oblique
Average distance between external orifice of the nose and stomach
17.2 inches or 44 cm
Note: this is important in Sengstaken-Blakemore balloon insertion
24 inches: up to duodenum
Stomach Bed
Left dome of the diaphragm Spleen Left kidney and suprarenal gland Splenic artery Pancreas Transverse mesocolon and colon
The head of the pancreas drains to the
SMA
Note: the rest drains to the splenic vein
Accounts for most cases of extrahepatic biliary obstruction
Cancer of the head of pancreas
The ligamentum teres (round ligament) and ligamentum venosum are remnants of
Umbilical vein and ductus venosus respectively
Clamping of the hepatoduodenal ligament (which contains the hepatic artery and portal vein) to reduce hemorrhage during liver surgery
Pringle’s Maneuver
Usual site for liver biopsy
Right 10th ICS MAL
Triangle of Calot
superior: Liver
inferior: Cystic Duct
medial: Common Hepatic Duct
In renal transplantation, which vessels are anastomosed?
Renal artery to the Internal Iliac artery
Renal vein to the External Iliac vein
The Internal Carotid Artery is a derivative of
Distal part if the 3rd Aortic Arch
Note: proximal part forms the common carotid artery
Serves as a landmark in doing pudendal block anesthesia
Ischial Spine