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PE > Physiology 2 > Flashcards

Physiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Passage of air

A

1) 2 external openings (nasal & mouth)
2) down trachea
3) splits into 2 bronchi
4) bronchioles in lungs
5) alveoli

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2
Q

How’s the trachea adapted to its function?

A

It’s kept open by rings of cartilage to protect it and lined with cilia that wafts pathogens away.

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3
Q

How are lungs optimised for gas exchange?

A

Large and spongey

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4
Q

How thin are bronchioles?

A

1 mm thick

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5
Q

How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

A

Large surface area and blood supply, thin walls & moisture

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6
Q

Gas exchange

A

Process of diffusion and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide into the blood and lungs

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7
Q

Alveoli features

A

Very small w large numbers, large surface area, network of capillaries, large blood supply, moisture, thin walls

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8
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Protein/ red pigment allowing transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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9
Q

Oxyhaemoglobin

A

Haemoglobin in the presence of oxygen

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10
Q

Inspiration

A

Breathing in

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11
Q

Expiration

A

Breathing out

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12
Q

What breathing involves

A

Ribs, intercostal muscles, diaphragm

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13
Q

What happens during inspiration

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract pushing the ribs up and out, low air pressure

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14
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

Intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax pulling the ribs lower and the making the chest cavity smaller raising air pressure

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15
Q

Inspiration during exercise

A

Assisted by the sternocleidomastoid and pectorals to raise the sternum and so expand the lungs

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16
Q

Expiration during exercise

A

Assisted by abdominals to force air out of lungs

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17
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume of air breathed in or out at normal breath (up to 500ml)

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18
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Additional amount of air expired from the lungs at normal breath

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19
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Additional amount of air inspired at resting breath

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20
Q

Residual volume

A

Volume of air left in the lungs after fully breathing out.

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21
Q

Vital capacity

A

Maximum volume of air breathed in or out.

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22
Q

Name of redistribution of blood flow

A

Vascular shunt

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23
Q

Vasodilation

A

Increase in diameter of artery to increase blood flow and decrease pressure.

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24
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Decrease in diameter of artery to decrease blood flow and increase pressure

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25
Q

Arteries blood flow direction

A

AWAY from heart

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26
Q

Arteries carry which type of blood?

A

Oxygenated (apart from pulmonary)

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27
Q

Which blood vessel has a pulse?

A

Artery

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28
Q

Characteristics of an artery

A

Thick muscular wall, small lumen, high pressure

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29
Q

Size of capillaries

A

1 cell thick wall

30
Q

What type of blood do capillaries carry?

A

Oxygenated AND deoxygenated as they link arteries and veins

31
Q

Purpose of capillaries

A

Linking of arteries and veins & rapid diffusion of substances in and out of blood due to their thin walls and lumen carrying 1 red blood cell at a time

32
Q

What type of blood do veins carry?

A

Deoxygenated blood

33
Q

Pressure in a vein

A

Low (no pulse)

34
Q

Characteristics of veins

A

Thin walled, large lumen and valves to prevent clotting or pooling

35
Q

1 contraction of heart + 1 relaxation of heart =

A

1 heartbeat

36
Q

Heartrate

A

Number of times your heart beats a minute (bpm)

37
Q

Function of valves

A

Prevent backflow

38
Q

What fills with blood first in the heart? Atria or ventricles?

A

Atria fill with blood before pumping into ventricles

39
Q

Passage of blood from lungs to heart?

A

Veins carry oxygenated blood to heart and into pulmonary vein.

40
Q

Heart to muscle tissue blood flow?

A

Blood flows from left atrium into left ventricle through the mitral valve. Then flows through aorta to muscles.

41
Q

Muscle tissue to heart blood flow?

A

Veins carry deoxygenated blood into heart via vena cava into right atrium.

42
Q

Heart to lungs blood flow?

A

Flows through tricuspid valve to right ventricle before leaving through pulmonary artery

43
Q

Diastole

A

Heart filling with blood and relaxed

44
Q

Systole

A

Heart emptying blood and contracted

45
Q

Cardiac output (Q) (Measured in L per min)

A

Stroke volume (ml)* heart rate

46
Q

Stroke volume

A

Volume of blood pumped from left ventricle per minute

47
Q

Maximum HR

A

220- your age

48
Q

Anticipatory rise

A

Spike in HR prior to exercise due to adrenaline

49
Q

Optimum cardiac output

A

Plateau of HR during exercise due to reaching maximal cardiac output.

50
Q

Aerobic exercise

A

Relies on energy produced in presence of oxygen

51
Q

Anaerobic exercise

A

Relies on energy produced without oxygen supply and so producing lactic acid as byproduct.

52
Q

Aerobic equation

A

Glucose + oxygen > energy + carbon dioxide + water

53
Q

Example of aerobic activity

A

Yoga (low intensity & long duration)

54
Q

Anaerobic equation

A

Glucose> energy + lactic acid

55
Q

Example of anaerobic activity

A

Sprinting as is high intensity and short duration

56
Q

EPOC stands for …?

A

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

57
Q

Oxygen debt

A

Temporary oxygen shortage in the body due to strenuous exercise

58
Q

EPOC

A

Rapid & heavy intake of oxygen to repay oxygen debt

59
Q

What’s a cool down?

A

Allowing physiological activity to return to normal gradually after strenuous exercise

60
Q

Positives of cool down

A

Returns HR/breathing return to normal gradually, avoids fainting & dizziness, prevents blood pooling, lactic acid & DOMs, cools temp, .

61
Q

Negative of cool down

A

Takes 5-10mins of time

62
Q

What’s stretching?

A

Physical exercise in which a specific muscle/ tendon is flexed/stretched to improve elasticity and tone.

63
Q

Positives of stretching

A

Increases strength and flexibility , good for circulation, reduces stress and increases range of motion

64
Q

Negative of stretching

A

Vulnerable to injury especially if haven’t warmed up

65
Q

Positives of rehydration and replenishment of glycogen stores

A

Prevents dehydration, fatigue and dizziness while replacing electrolytes and energy

66
Q

Negatives of rehydration/ replenishment of glycogen stores

A

May vomit, cramp or gain weight

67
Q

What’s an ice bath?

A

Training regiment that flushes lactic acid from muscles while repairing micro trauma

68
Q

Positives of ice baths

A

Reduces swelling, drains lactic acid, needs no specific equipment, cheap and works on multiple muscles

69
Q

Negatives of ice baths

A

Unpleasant (cold), same results as cool down and requires much ice

70
Q

Long term effects of exercise

A

Cardiac hypertrophy, bradycardia, improvements in components of fitness

71
Q

Immediate effects of exercise

A

Hot, sweaty and red skin, HR increase, breathing rate increase

72
Q

Short term effects of exercise

A

Tiredness, fatigue, DOMs, nausea, dizziness

PE (2 decks)

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