physiology

Question 1

resting state

Answer 1

both channels closed

Question 2

threshold

Answer 2

K+ & Na+ channels open

Question 3

repolarization

Answer 3

Na+ channels close, K+ channels open, K+ leaves, cell becomes negative

Question 3

undershoot

Answer 3

both gates close and potassium channel is slow, causing hyperpolarization

Question 4

refractory period

Answer 4

closing Na+ gates

Question 5

nodes of ranvier

Answer 5

clustered ion channels between Schwann cells of myelin

Question 6

presynaptic neuron

Answer 6

releases neurotransmitters

Question 7

postsynaptic cell

Answer 7

receives cell

Question 8

synaptic cleft

Answer 8

gap between axon synaptic terminal and next cell

Question 9

synaptic vesicles

Answer 9

neurotransmitter releasers

Question 10

steps of action potential

Answer 10

Ca+2 influx due to action potential reaching synapse

Vesicles fuse w/membrane, release neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft

Neurotransmitters go to receptors on postsynaptic neuron

Sodium channels open, sodium rushes in, depolarization occurs

Excitatory neurotransmitters cause the cell to become “excited”

Neurotransmitters are degraded and taken back in the cell

Question 11

total lung capacity

Answer 11

volume of air in lungs after max inhale

Question 12

tidal volume

Answer 12

volume of air exhanged via normal breathing

Question 13

vital capacity

Answer 13

volume of air can be exchanged by lungs thru max inhale/exhale

Question 14

residual volume

Answer 14

volume of air always in lungs

Question 15

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 15

volume of air able to be inspired w max effort after norm inhale

Question 16

spirometry

Answer 16

measuring volume/speed/flow at which air can be inhaled/exhaled

Question 17

factors influencing transpiration

Answer 17

light, temp, humidity, wind

Question 17

arteries

Answer 17

convey blood at high pressure from ventricles to tissues
thick elastic tissue + smooth muscle to withstand high bp

Question 17

capillaries

Answer 17

exchange material between blood and tissues (deliver o2 + pick up cell waste)
thin walls, permeable, large sa

Question 17

veins

Answer 17

collect blood at low pressure from tissues and return to atria
valves, thin connective tissue, thin smooth muscle

Question 17

coronary arteries supply heart w/

Answer 17

o2 & nutrients

Question 17

coronary occlusion

Answer 17

narrowing of coronary arteries
can be caused by:
-high blood concentration of LDL
-trans fat consumption
diabetes
-chronic high bp
-infections

Question 17

atherosclerosis

Answer 17

narrowing/hardening of arteries due to atheroma tissue

Question 17

adhesion

Answer 17

prevents H20 falling in xylem

Question 18

pits

Answer 18

cell wall is thinner, no lignin to allow water to move between cells

Question 18

thick lignified cell walls

Answer 18

strengthed w/ligning prevents collapse at tension

Question 18

Vascular bundles

Answer 18

bundles of xylem and phloem

Question 19

xylem

Answer 19

conduct H20 + other minerals

Question 19

phloem

Answer 19

conduct sugar + organic compounds

Question 20

cortex

Answer 20

support/shape, nutrient storage

Question 21

zoonosis

Answer 21

pathogen that can cross species barrier

Question 21

innate immune system

Answer 21

-skin & mucous membranes -nonspecific phagocytes -blood clotting

Question 21

adaptive immune system

Answer 21

- antigens (proteins/glycoprotein)on the surface of cells/viruses - antibodies (inactivate/destroy pathogens by binding to antigens) - lymphocytes (wbc's that produce antibodies/give immunity to pathogens) - b-lymphocytes (make specific antibodies)

Question 22

1st step of antibody prod

Answer 22

antigen: macrophage attaches antigen to mhc protein and then helper t cells recognizes antigen

Question 23

2nd step antibody prod

Answer 23

helper t cell binds to t cell, activating t cell

Question 23

4th step antibody prod

Answer 23

-activated b cells divide by mitosis -plasma cells produce antibody -memory b cells are produced

Question 23

% diff

Answer 23

diff between two values/average of two values *100

Question 24

hiv

Answer 24

- infects cells w/CD4 molecules (helper t cells, macrophages, some b-lymphocytes) - reduction in active lymphocytes + inability to produce antibodies

Question 24

3rd step antibody prod

Answer 24

-inactive b cell antibody attaches to antigens -helper t cell binds to b cell antibody -helper t cell sends signal to b cell causing activation

Question 25

seminiferous tubules

Answer 25

sperm formations

Question 25

leydig cells

Answer 25

secrete testosterone

Question 26

epididymis

Answer 26

sperm motility/maturity

Question 26

scrotum

Answer 26

regulates temp

Question 26

vas deferens

Answer 26

sperm duct

Question 27

exocrine glands

Answer 27

-seminal vesicle adds fluids/fructose to sperm -prostate gland adds anticoagulant, nutrients, and more fluids -bulbourethral glands is an acid neutralizer

Question 28

follicle

Answer 28

1 egg surrounded by 1/1+ layers of follicle cells that nourish/protect egg

Question 29

corpus luteum

Answer 29

post ovulation tissue of follicle secreting estrogen/progesterone

Question 30

ovarian cycle

Answer 30

development of follicles and release of oocyte

Question 31

uterine cycle

Answer 31

development of shedding of the lining

Question 32

LH

Answer 32

hormone causes: -ovulation less estrogen progesterone follicle to develop corpus luteum

Question 33

male gametes contain

Answer 33

pollen grains where each has a diploid mother cell, then undergoing meiosis to form 4 haploid pollen grains