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Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Glial cells are derived from where?

A

ectoderm (except microglia which are derived from mesoderm)

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2
Q

Function of myelin

A

Increase conduction velocity of transmitted signals via saltatory conduction of action potentials at node of Ranvier

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3
Q

Function of microglia

A

Axtivation in response to tissue damage - releases inflammatory mediators

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4
Q

Function of ependymal cells

A

Cillia produce CSF
Microvilli absorb CSF

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5
Q

Oligodendrocyges vs schwann cell

A

Oligo myelinate cells in CNS, schwann myelinate cells in PNS

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6
Q

Pain and temperature sensory neurones and their speed and senses

A

Adelta - fast
C - slow
ADelta plane is fast but a taxi is slow

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7
Q

Meissner corpusle

A

Fine/light touch
Low frequency vibration

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8
Q

Pacinian corpusles

A

High frequency vibration
Pressure

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9
Q

Merkel discs

A

Pressure
Deep static touch

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10
Q

Ruffini corpuscles

A

Joint angle change
Stretch

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11
Q

Where is Ach synthesised?

A

Basal nucleus or Myenert (forebrain)

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12
Q

Where is dopamine sunthesised?

A

Ventral tegmentum (mid brain)

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13
Q

Where is GABA synthesised?

A

Nucleus accumbens (basal ganglia)

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14
Q

Where is norepinephrine synthesised?

A

Locus ceruleus (pons)

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15
Q

Where is serotonin synthesised?

A

Raphe nuclei (brainstem)

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16
Q

Sleep waves at different stages of sleep

A

Stage 1 - theta
Stage 2 - sleep spindles, K complexes
Stage 3 - delta
Stage 4 - beta

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17
Q

What structure is responsible for the circadian rythm

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus
“SCN - sun censing nucleus”

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18
Q

Part of the hypothalamus responsible for cooling and heating ?

A

Anterior nucleus - cooling (parasympathetic) “A/C cools rooms”

Posterior nucleus - heating (sympathetic) “hot Pot”

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19
Q

Part of the hypothalamus responsible for satiety and hunger?

A

Hunger - lateral nucleus (lateral injury makes u lean)
Satiety - ventrimedial nucleus (ventromedial injury makes u very massive)

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20
Q

What part of the hypothalamus controls sexual behaviour and releases GnRh?

A

Preoptic nucleus

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21
Q

What part of the hypothalamus is responsible for synthesis or oxytoxin and ADH?

A

Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

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22
Q

Senes relayed to the ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus

A

Vibration
Pressure
Pain
Proprioception
Light touch

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23
Q

Senes relayed to the ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus

A

Vibration
Pressure
Pain
Proprioception
Light touch

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24
Q

Senses relayed to the ventral posterior-medial nucleus of the thalamus

A

“Very pretty make up goes on the face”
Face sensation, taste

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25
Senses relayed to the lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus?
Lateral = light Vision
26
Senses relayed to the medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus?
Medial = music Hearing
27
What senses relay to the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei of thalamus?
“Venus astraunats vow to love Moving” Motor
28
Stroke involving the anterior cerebral artery would affect what part of the body?
Lower limbs and trunk
29
Stroke involving the middle cerebral artery would affect what part of the body?
Upper limbs, face, swallowing
30
What is the primary drive of cerebral perfusion pressure?
C02
31
Afferent and efferent of accomodation relfex?
Optic (II) Oculomotor (III)
32
Afferent and efferent of corneal relfex?
Trigeminal (V) Facial (VII)
33
Afferent and efferent of cough relfex?
Vagus for both (X)
34
Afferent and efferent of jaw jerk relfex?
Trigeminal (V3) Trigeminal (V3)
35
Afferent and efferent of laceimation relfex?
Trigeminal (V3) Facial (VII)
36
Afferent and efferent of pupillary relfex?
Optic (II) Occulomotor (III)
37
What nucleus of the vagus nerve is responsible for sensory information?
Nucleus tractus solitarus Solitarius = Sensory
38
What nucleus of the vagus nerve contains for autonomic fibres?
Dorsal motor nucleus
39
Presentation and site of lesion of decorticate posturing
Flexion of upper limb and extension of lower limb Above red nucleus (cerebral cortex)
40
Presentation and site of lesion of decerebrate posturing
Extension of upper and lower limbs Between red and vestibular nuclei
41
Histologic features of ischaemic brain injury 12-24 hours
Eosinophillic cytoplasm (Eschemia Neutralises Men and Girls)
42
Histologic features of ischaemic brain injury 24-72 hours
Necrosis and neutrophils
43
Histologic features of ischaemic brain injury 3 -5 days
Macrophages
44
Histologic features of ischaemic brain injury 1-2 weeks+ vascular proliferation
Reactive gliosis
45
Histologic features of ischaemic brain injury > 2 weeks
Glial scar
46
Histologic features of ischaemic brain injury > 2 weeks
Glial scar
47
Pnemonic for histology changes in brain tissue with ischaemia
Escaemia Neutralises Men and Girls 12-24hrs Eosinophilia 24-72hrs neutrophils 3-5 days macrophages >2 weeks glial scar
48
Area affected in conduction aphasia
Arcuate fasciculus
49
Feature of aneurysm of anterio communicating artery
Bitemporal hemianopia (ACom = compression of optic chiasm)
50
Feature of aneurysm of posterior communicating artery
Ipsilateral CN III palsy Prosis, down and out, mydriasis (blown pupil)
51
Feature of aneurysm of posterior communicating artery
Ipsilateral CN III palsy Prosis, down and out, mydriasis (blown pupil)
52
Feature of aneurysm of middle communicating artery
Contralateral facial and upper limb palsy, sensory deficits
53
Pathophysiology of huntingtons
Repeat expansion of HTT gene on chromosome 4
54
Altered proteins associated with alzheimers
ApoE 2 (decreased risk sporadic) ApoE 4 (increased risk sporadic) APP, presenilin 1, presennilin 2 (familial)
55
Pnemonic for correcting Na too fast and the complications this causes
From low to high your pons will die (osmotic demyelination syndrome) From high to low your brains will blow (cerebral oedema/herniation)
56
Genetic defect associated with charcot-marie-tooth
Most common is CMT1A caused by PMP22 gene duplication
57
Features of uncal herniation
Herniation of uncus of temporal love Ispilateral blown pupil Contralateral hemiparesis
58
Location of spinal cord lesion in poliomyelitis
Poliovirus - anterior horns
59
Location of spinal cord lesion in spinal muscular atrophy
Also called Werdnig-Hoffman disease - anterior horns
60
Location of spinal cord lesion in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Anterior and lateral horns
61
Location of spinal cord lesion in subacute combined degeneration
Spinocerebellar tracts, lateral corticospinal and dorsal colums
62
Location of spinal cord lesion in anterior spinal artery occlusion
Spinal cord infarction sparing dorsal colums
63
Mutation associated with spinal musclar dystrophy (wernig-hoffman disease)
SMN1 (survival motor neuron)
64
Features of brown sequard syndrome
Hemisection of spinal cord Ipsilateral loss of vibration, proprioception and fine touch Ipsilateral loss of sensation at the level of lesion Ipsilateral LMN at level, UMN below level Contralateral loss of pain and temperature
65
Feature of CN V lesion
Jaw deviates away from side of lesion
66
Feature of CN V lesion
Jaw deviates away from side of lesion
67
Feature of CN X lesion
Uvula deviates away from side of lesion
68
Feature of CN XI lesion
Weakness turning head away from lesion, shoulder droop side of lesion
69
Feature of CN XII lesion
Tongue deviates toward side of lesion
70
type of tumour: Spindle cells in concentric whorls, calcified psammoma bodies
meningioma
71
type of tumour: Pleomorphic tumour cells border necrotic areas
GBM
72
type of tumour: Acellular areas surrounded by nuclear palisades
vestibular schwannoma
73
type of tumour: perivascular pseudorosettes
ependymoma
74
type of tumour: Calcifications with 'fried-egg' appearance'. chicken wire appearance.
oligodendroglioma
75
pathophysiology of alzheimers
extra cellular amyloid plaques and intracellular fibrillary tangles
76
increased glutamate
found in patients with cerebral ischaemia or prolonged seizures
77
uses dynein for retrograde transport to the neuronal cell body
clostridium, HSV, rabies and polio
78
retrograde transport to the neuronal cell uses what protein
dynein (ReaDy Attack --> Retrograde Dynein, Antegrade Kinesin)
79
uses kinesin for entegrade transport from the neuronal cell body
HSV reactivation
80
antegrade transport from the neuronal cell uses what protein
Kinesin (ReaDy AttacK)
81
rate limiting step of peripheral nerve regeneration after injury
slow anterograde transport from cell body in microtubule
82
area of the brain responsible for skeletal muscle memory
cerebellum
83
area of the brain responsible for emotional memory
amygdala
84
area of the brain responsible for procedural memory
striatum
85
area of the brain responsible for declarative memory
medial temporal lobe (type of long term memory of facts and events)
86
what structures make up the limbic system and what is its functions
hippocampus amygdalae mammillary bodies anterior thalamic nuclei cingulate gyrus 5 F's - feeding, fleeing, fighting, feeling, sex
87
area of the brain responsible for fear memories
lateral amygydala
88
area of the brain responsible for normal recognition memory and spatial memory
hippocampus
89
organism responsible for meningitis in close quarters would show like what on gram stain
N. meningitidis gram negative diplococci
90
most causative organisms of meningitis would show like what on gram stain
gram positive diplococci
91

Neurology (5 decks)

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