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Integrated - Block 1 Exam 2 > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the largest source of fluid entering the body

A

the intake of water-containing foods and beverages

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2
Q

a smaller contribution to the source of fluid entering the body is metabolism - explain

A

dehydration reactions, ETC

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3
Q

Water is lost how?

A

exhalation, skin, perspiration, urinary loss, fecal loss

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4
Q

a normal healthy individual’s body fluid balance is primarily achieved by

A

urine production

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5
Q

how do the lungs help control body fluid volume and body fluid composition

A

bring in oxygen and eliminate CO2

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6
Q

how does the GI tract help control body fluid volume and body fluid composition

A

brings in nutrients like water, sugar, protein, fats, and salts

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7
Q

how does the heart/circulation help control body fluid volume and body fluid composition

A

propels the blood around the body as a means of exchanging wastes and nutrients with the cells of the body

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7
Q

how do the kidneys help control body fluid volume and body fluid composition

A

eliminate various wastes and control the amount of water and salts

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8
Q

what is the actual fluid that surrounds each cell is not the blood itself but

A

interstitial fluid

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9
Q

the interstitial fluid is inside or outside the blood vessels

A

outside

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10
Q

what does interstitial fluid primarily contain

A

sodium chloride

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11
Q

“Average male” is what

A

70kg or 154 pounds

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12
Q

approximately what % of body weight is comprised of water in adults

A

50-70%

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13
Q

what is the 60-40-20 rule for the average male

A

60% total body weight is water

40% total body weight is intracellular

20% total body weight is extracellular

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14
Q

most of the tissues in the body contain approximately what percentage of water content by weight

A

70-80%

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15
Q

what percentage of water content are the skeletal bones

A

22%

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16
Q

what percentage of water content is adipose tissue

A

10%

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17
Q

under normal conditions, the intake and output should be balanced around

A

2.5 liters a day

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18
Q

of the outputs, what is the primary site of regulation

A

the kidneys (urine is about 1500mL a day)

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19
Q

large volume of urine = what concentration

A

low concentration (clear)

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20
Q

small volume of urine = what concentration

A

high concentration (dark)

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21
Q

what is the intracellular space

A

the fluid within the cells of the body

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22
Q

what is the boundary for intracellular space

A

plasma membrane

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23
Q

what is the interstitial space

A

the fluid that bathes the cells of the body (part of the extraceullar)

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24
Q

what is the boundary for interstitial space

A

utilizes all the other boundaries (sandwiched in-between)

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25
Q

what is the plasma

A

the fluid within the blood vessels

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26
Q

what is the boundary for the plasma

A

endothelial cells

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27
Q

what its the transcellular spaces

A

the fluid within specialized fluid spaces of the body, such as the CSF, pleural, synovial, and peritoneal fluids

this is VERY retractable, tightly controlled

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28
Q

what is the boundary for the transcellular spaces

A

epithelial cells

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29
Q

why can we see similarities with the plasma and interstitial fluid

A

the endothelial clefts have low restrictiveness

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30
Q

can RBCs pass through the endothelial cell clefts? will the plasma membrane have intact channels/carriers?

A

No, No

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31
Q

can large MW proteins pass through the endothelial cell clefts? will the plasma membrane have intact channels/carriers?

A

No, No

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32
Q

can water pass through the endothelial cell clefts? will the plasma membrane have intact channels/carriers?

A

Yes, Yes

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33
Q

can glucose pass through the endothelial cell clefts? will the plasma membrane have intact channels/carriers?

A

Yes, Yes

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34
Q

can oxygen pass through the endothelial cell clefts? will the plasma membrane have intact channels/carriers?

A

Yes, Yes

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35
Q

can WBCs pass through the endothelial cell clefts? will the plasma membrane have intact channels/carriers?

A

Yes, No

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36
Q

can Sodium pass through the endothelial cell clefts? will the plasma membrane have intact channels/carriers?

A

Yes, Yes

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37
Q

Explain how WBCs passing through endothelial cell clefts can be both a yes or no

A

WBCs shouldn’t be leaving under normal healthy conditions but they are capable
ex: infection

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38
Q

what is a 0 for the reflection coefficient

A

barrier is freely permeable to the solute

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39
Q

what is a 1 for the reflection coefficient

A

barrier is impermeable to solute

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40
Q

the makeup of transcellular spaces can vary greatly depending on

A

the specific needs of the compartment

41
Q

what is the primary mechanism of transport for the solutes within the body fluids

A

diffusion

42
Q

oxygen and nutrients diffuse from an area of what concentration to where

A

high concentration within the blood stream to an area of low concentration in the interstitial space

43
Q

oxygen and nutrients can traverse the plasma membrane and enter the cells of the body- yes or no?

A

yes

44
Q

CO2 and other waste products move in concentrations from

A

low to high, passing from the cells to the intermediate zone of the interstitial fluid and then the bloodstream

45
Q

How long does it take glucose to diffuse 1 cm?

A

13.9 hours

diffusion is a SLOW process

46
Q

what is bulk flow

A

large scale movements of water and dissolved solutes based on pressure gradients

47
Q

as the heart pumps, fluid is pushed between the openings of endothelial cells and into the interstitial fluid

what happens to the fluid?

A

most gets returned back into the blood stream

what doesn’t get reabsorbed is moved into the lymphatic system where it is cleaned and returned to the bloodstream

48
Q

the lymph body fluid compartment is considered a subset of

A

the extracellular fluid

49
Q

what is total body water (TBW)

A

all water within the body

50
Q

what is intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

fluid contained within the boundary of the plasma membranes

51
Q

what is extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

all fluids in the body outside of the plasma membrane boundaries

52
Q

where is interstitial fluid located

A

between the body fluid compartments

53
Q

where is plasma

A

within the boundary of endothelial cells in lymphatic vessels

54
Q

where is transcellular fluid

A

within the epithelial cell boundaries

55
Q

the volume of a body fluid compartment can changed based on

A

solute levels

56
Q

water moves via osmosis from an area of what to what concentration

A

low solute to high solute

57
Q

Osmolarity can change with

A

temperature since water volume changes with temperature

58
Q

Osmolality does or does not change with temperature

A

does not

59
Q

molarity of the solution is based on

A

the number of molecules per volume of fluid

60
Q

osmolarity is based on the

A

number of particles after dissociation per volume of fluid

61
Q

the equivalency of the solution is based on

A

the amount of charged solute per volume of fluid

62
Q

intracellular osmolarity =

A

extracellular osmolarity

these always match, are balanced

63
Q

what do you take into account when thinking of osmolarity

A

does it dissociate when placed in this aqueous environment

63
Q

regarding osmosis, if a solute is unable to create a balance, the water (solvent) will move

A

via osmosis towards the area of high concentration

64
Q

what are the extracellular fluids

A

Sodium, Calcium, Chloride, Bicarbonate

65
Q

what are the intracellular fluids

A

Potassium, Proteins, Phosphates

65
Q

what maintains the high concentration of sodium ions outside the cells and high concentration of potassium ions inside of the cells

A

Na+/K+ pump

66
Q

Would interstitial fluid or plasma have higher osmolarity?

A

Plasma

it has the large MW proteins aka a higher concentration so, higher osmolarity

67
Q

increased osmolarity = what regarding concentration

A

increase

68
Q

for every existing cation, there is a

A

corresponding anion

68
Q

in a hypertonic solution, the osmolarity of the solution is

A

greater than the fluid inside the cell

69
Q

explain electroneutrality

A

the body fluid compartments must have the same concentration of cations and anions, the body fluid compartments are electroneutral!!!

70
Q

why is the plasma solute concentration higher than that of the interstitial space

A

because of the Gibbs Donnan effect

the negatively charged proteins in the plasma attract sodium ions

71
Q

osmotic solute

A

dissolves in water

72
Q

Tonic solute

A

does not penetrate plasma membrane

73
Q

non-tonic solute

A

penetrates plasma membrane

74
Q

in a hypotonic solution, the osmolarity of the solution is

A

lower than the inside of the cell

74
Q

isotonic solutions

A

there is still movement of water into and out of the cell but there is no NET influx of water

75
Q

non-osmotic solute

A

does not dissolve in water

76
Q

describe what would happen in a hypotonic solution

A

water would enter the cell by osmosis and the cell would swell and potentially burst

77
Q

what would happen in a hypertonic solution

A

Water would travel towards the high concentration of non-penetrating solutes outside the cell, leading to shrinkage of the cell

78
Q

an osmotic solute does dissolve in water, but

A

may or may not be able to penetrate the plasma membrane freely

79
Q

tonic solutes dissolve in water, but

A

are unable to penetrate the plasma membrane

80
Q

example of tonic solute

A

Na+

81
Q

example of non-tonic solute

A

Ethanol

82
Q

will glucose dissociate when placed in a solution

A

no, so less osmotic force will be exerted

83
Q

Regarding the dilution principle, what is the volume of the intracellular fluid

A

25 L

84
Q

Regarding the dilution principle, what is the volume of the interstitial fluid

A

11 L

85
Q

Regarding the dilution principle, what is the volume of the plasma

A

3 L

86
Q

Regarding the dilution principle, what is the extracellular fluid

A

interstitial fluid and plasma

87
Q

what is the dilution method used to estimate

A

body fluid compartment volumes based on the characteristic of the barriers

88
Q

regarding the dilution method, all samples will be

A

placed into and taken out of the plasma fluid compartment

89
Q

formula for the dilution method

A

Volume = amount (mg) / final concentration (mg/mL)

90
Q

trilated water

A

can easily pass through the endothelial cell clefts and plasma membrane to enter all of the body fluid compartments

91
Q

inulin is a

A

large MW carbohydrate that can pass through the endothelial cell clefts, but is unable to penetrate the plasma membrane

92
Q

Evan’s blue dye binds to

A

albumin (protein), and thus does not pass through the endothelial cell layer or the plasma membrane

93
Q

what would be the expected volume of fluid that tritiated water would equilibrate in

A

40 L

94
Q

what would be the expected volume of fluid that inulin would equilibrate in the ECF

A

14 L

95
Q

what would be the expected volume of fluid that EBD would equilibrate in

A

3 L

96
Q

what do volume-osmolarity diagrams depict

A

changes in volume on the x-axis

changes in osmolarity on the y-axis

Integrated - Block 1 Exam 2 (3 decks)

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