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Integrated - Block 1 Exam 2 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

CNS or PNS? - brain

A

CNS

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2
Q

CNS or PNS? - spinal cord

A

CNS

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3
Q

CNS or PNS? - 31 pairs of spinal nerves and their ganglia

A

PNS

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4
Q

CNS or PNS? - 12 pairs of cranial nerves and their ganglia

A

PNS

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5
Q

CNS or PNS? Autonomic nervous system and their ganglia

A

PNS

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6
Q

CNS or PNS? - enteric nervous system

A

PNS

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7
Q

What does the neural tube primarily develop into

A

CNS

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8
Q

What do neural crest cells primarily develop into

A

PNS

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9
Q

What are the 3 ectodermal placodes

A

Nasal, lens, and otic placodes

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10
Q

What type of nerve is this:

Convey neural impulses to the CNS from the sense organs and from sensory receptors in various parts of the body

A

Sensory (afferent)

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11
Q

What type of nerve is this:

Convey neural impulses from the CNS to the effector organs (muscles and glands)

A

Motor (efferent)

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12
Q

Somatic - target?

A

Body wall

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13
Q

Visceral - target?

A

Organs

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14
Q

Which nerves are these -

Bilateral pairs (R/L) which
exit the cranial cavity through foramina (openings) in the skull

A

Cranial nerves

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15
Q

How are cranial nerves identified

A

descriptive name or a Roman numeral

ex: Vagus nerve (CN X)

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16
Q

Which nerves are these?

Arise in bilateral pairs
(R / L) from a specific segment of the spinal cord

A

Spinal nerves

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17
Q

Which nerves are these?

Exit the vertebral column (spine) through intervertebral foramina

A

Spinal nerves

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18
Q

How are spinal nerves identified?

A

By a letter and number designating the region of the spinal cord and their superior to inferior order

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19
Q

List the spinal nerve segments in order

A

C: cervical
T: thoracic
L: lumbar
S: sacral
Co: coccygeal

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20
Q

There is one pair of spinal nerves associated with each

A

spinal cord level (31 levels)

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21
Q

What are the spinal nerves responsible for

A

conveying information to and from the horns of the spinal cord

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

How are C1-7 named

A

for vertebra inferior to their exit

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24
Q

Where does C8 exit

A

between C7 and T1

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25
Q

How are the 12 thoracic spinal nerves named

A

by vertebra superior to their point of exit

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26
Q

How are the 5 lumbar nerves named

A

by vertebra superior to their point of exit

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27
Q

How are the 5 sacral nerves named

A

by vertebra superior to their point of exit

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28
Q

How is the 1 coccygeal nerve named

A

by vertebra superior to their point of exit

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29
Q

Fibers emerge from spinal cord as

A

rootlets

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30
Q

Rootlets converge to form

A

2 nerve roots

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31
Q

Anterior (ventral) spinal nerve is S or M?

A

motor

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32
Q

Is this anterior or posterior?

Fibers from cell bodies located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord

A

Anterior (ventral)

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33
Q

Posterior (dorsal) spinal nerve is S or M?

A

Sensory

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34
Q

Is this anterior or posterior?

Fibers from cell bodies located in the dorsal root (spinal) ganglion

A

Posterior (dorsal)

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35
Q

nerve roots converge to form a

A

spinal nerve

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36
Q

a converged spinal nerve consists of what fibers

A

mixed (sensory and motor)

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37
Q

Where does spinal nerve converging occur

A

at or near the intervertebral foramen of the vertebral column

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38
Q

Spinal nerve immediately divides into

A

posterior (dorsal) ramus and anterior (ventral) ramus

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39
Q

the posterior and anterior ramus consist of

A

a mix of sensory and motor fibers

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40
Q

each ramus can give rise to or contribute to

A

peripheral nerves

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41
Q

which rami remain separate the entire length of the spinal cord

A

posterior (dorsal) rami

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42
Q

which rami carry somatic motor, somatic sensory, and postganglionic sympathetic fibers at all 31 spinal levels

A

posterior (dorsal) rami AND anterior (ventral) rami

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43
Q

Deep (true) muscles of the back are innervated by

A

posterior rami

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44
Q

skin overlying deep muscles of the back are innervated by

A

posterior rami

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45
Q

arteries supplying deep muscles of the back are innervated by

A

posterior rami

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46
Q

the anterior and lateral trunk are innervated by

A

anterior rami

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47
Q

the upper and lower limbs are innervated by

A

anterior rami

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48
Q

which rami rained separate from each other in the trunk

A

anterior rami

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49
Q

which rami form plexuses for limbs

A

anterior rami

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50
Q

when you see plexus, think

A

network

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51
Q

which rami can participate in plexus formation

A

anterior rami

ex: upper and lower limbs
–> brachial plexus and arm

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52
Q

anterior rami that participate in plexus formation contribute fibers to

A

multiple peripheral nerves arising from the plexus

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53
Q

most peripheral nerves arising from a plexus contain fibers from

A

multiple spinal nerve levels

54
Q

all named branches of the dorsal and ventral rami have a mixed component of

A
  • somatic motor fibers
  • somatic sensory fibers
  • postganglionic sympathetic fibers
55
Q

example of somatic motor fibers

A

skeletal muscle

56
Q

example of somatic sensory fibers

A

skin, joints, muscle

57
Q

example of postganglionic sympathetic fibers

A

smooth muscle of arteries and sweat glands

58
Q

how can the number of sensory and motor fibers in a peripheral nerve vary?

A

depending on their target

remember: motor nerves still carry sensory fibers and vice versa

59
Q

spinal nerves ONLY supply the

A

body wall and limbs

60
Q

which system is pseudounipolar

A

sensory

61
Q

where are the 1st order sensory cell bodies located

A

outside but close to the CNS

62
Q

what are 1st order cell bodies of the sensory (afferent) system

A

dorsal root (spinal) ganglion

ganglia associated with cranial nerves

63
Q

peripheral/distal sensory processes extend from the

A

target to the cell body

64
Q

central/proximal sensory processes extend from the

A

cell body to the spinal cord

65
Q

sensory fibers enter CNS via

A

posterior root of spinal nerves

66
Q

where are lower motor neuron cell bodies located, be specific

A

gray matter of CNS

  • ventral or lateral horns of spinal cord
  • nuclei of brainstem
67
Q

Motor axons exit CNS via

A

anterior root of spinal nerves or via cranial nerves

68
Q

somatic system conveys information between

A

the CNS and body wall/extremities

69
Q

visceral system conveys information between

A

the CNS and internal organs, glands, and blood vessels

70
Q

What are the 4 main functional divisions

A

Somatic sensory
Somatic motor
Visceral sensory
Visceral motor

71
Q

Which system is this

input to CNS from skin, joints, or skeletal muscle

A

somatic sensory system

72
Q

Somatic sensory system is responsible for

A

pain, temperature, touch, pressure, proprioception

73
Q

somatic sensory system 1st order cell body is in a

A

dorsal root ganglion or ganglia associated with cranial nerves

74
Q

which system is responsible for ONE neuron system between target and CNS

A

Somatic sensory system

75
Q

for Somatic sensory system - 1st order sensory neuron has what processes?

A

distal (from the target to the cell body) and proximal (from the cell body to the CNS)

76
Q

Somatic sensory system - does a synapse occur in a sensory ganglion

A

NO

77
Q

Somatic sensory system - fibers enter CNS via

A

posterior root of spinal nerves or via cranial nerves

78
Q

what are dermatomes and peripheral innervation maps

A

visual representations of the sensory system

79
Q

what is this - unilateral area of skin innervated by the somatic sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve

A

dermatome

80
Q

Dermatome landmark - C4

A

lateral neck / superior shoulder

81
Q

Dermatome landmark - C5

A

lateral arm

82
Q

Dermatome landmark - C6

A

lateral forearm and thumb (1st digit)

83
Q

Dermatome landmark - C7

A

middle and ring fingers (3rd and 4th digits)

84
Q

Dermatome landmark - C8

A

medial hand and pinky (5th digit)

85
Q

Dermatome landmark - T1

A

medial forearm

86
Q

Dermatome landmark - T2

A

medial arm

87
Q

Dermatome landmark - T4

A

nipple

88
Q

Dermatome landmark - T10

A

umbilicus (belly button)

89
Q

why does the lesion of one posterior root of a spinal nerve rarely result in numbness?

A

fibers overlap which provides a back-up / double coverage of that area

90
Q

Generally how many nerves must be interrupted to produce a noticeable area of numbness

A

at least 2 adjacent spinal nerves

91
Q

what are the 2 methods spinal nerves reach a dermatome

A

a single peripheral wall
(ex: thoracic and abdominal walls)

multiple peripheral nerves (ex: upper and lower limbs)

92
Q

plexus formation results in different nerves carrying fibers from

A

a single spinal nerve

93
Q

plexus formation results in different nerves carrying fibers from a single spinal nerve, but the sensory fibers from this spinal nerve will ultimately be distributed to the

A

same dermatome

94
Q

Shingles follows peripheral processes of

A

the 1st order cell bodies located in that ganglion to the area of skin distribution

95
Q

the somatic motor system is what kind of motor system

A

voluntary

96
Q

where does the somatic motor system transmit signals

A

from the CNS to skeletal (voluntary) muscles

97
Q

how many neurons are between the CNS and end organ/target (skeletal muscle) and what is it known as

A

1, the lower motor neuron

98
Q

where is the cell body of the somatic motor system located

A

in a nucleus within the ventral horn of spinal cord or within nuclei of the brainstem

99
Q

where does the visceral motor - autonomic nervous system transmit signals

A

to smooth muscle and glands

100
Q

for the visceral motor - autonomic nervous system, the end organ must be one of the following:

A
  • smooth muscle
  • arteries, hollow organs and ducts, arrector pili muscles, intrinsic eye muscles
101
Q

for the visceral motor - autonomic nervous system, the glands must be one of the following:

A
  • sweat, salivary, lacrimal, GI
  • modified cardiac muscle
  • SA and AV nodes of the heart
102
Q

how is the visceral 2 motor neurons system named

A

by their relationship to the ganglion they synapse at

103
Q

what organization are pre-ganglion neurons part of

A

visceral motor

104
Q

what organization are post-ganglionic neurons part of

A

visceral motor

105
Q

where are the preganglionic neuron cell bodies located

A

grey matter of CNS

106
Q

preganglionic axon terminates ONLY within an ?

this is a what?

A

autonomic ganglia upon the cell body of a postganglionic neuron

synapse

107
Q

where are the postganglionic cell bodies located

A

outside CNS and make up the autonomic ganglia

108
Q

where do postganglionic axons terminates

A

on target (end) organ

109
Q

the visceral motor system is divided into 2 systems: what are they

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

110
Q

sympathetic fibers go

A

EVERYWHERE

111
Q

parasympathetic fibers do not go to the

A

body wall or limbs

112
Q

organs, major glands, & modified cardiac tissue will have

A

dual motor control

113
Q

simple structures such as sweat glands & arteries are only innervated by

A

sympathetics only

114
Q

visceral sensory - input to CNS from hollow organs and blood vessels from

A

sensory receptors

115
Q

visceral sensory system deals with

A

pain and subconscious visceral reflex

  • stretch/distension, blood gas, blood pressure levels, blood pH
116
Q

visceral sensory - 1st order cell bodies are either in

A

spinal/dorsal root ganglion or specific cranial nerve ganglia

117
Q

does the visceral sensory system have a synapse occur in a sensory ganglion

A

NO

118
Q

dorsal root ganglion at certain levels contain cell bodies for both

A

somatic sensory

visceral sensory (pain)

119
Q

visceral sensory system is the basis for

A

referred pain

120
Q

what is referred pain

A

pain felt in one area of the body is actually caused by pain/irritation in a different part (typically visceral)

121
Q

neurons do or do not proliferate in the adult nervous system?

A

do NOT

  • very minor exceptions ex: olfactory epithelium
122
Q

most neurons destroyed through disease or trauma are or are not replaced

A

are NOT

123
Q

when neurons are stretched, crushed, or cut, their axons

A

degenerate mostly distal to the site of the lesion (damage) because the axons were dependent on the cell body to survive

124
Q

if the axons are damaged, but the cell bodies are intact, regeneration and return of function may or may not occur?

A

MAY

125
Q

stretching nerve injury:

A
  • nerves (axons) can stretch to a certain degree
  • when limit is exceeded, the nerve can be torn apart
  • often associated with bone fracture / dislocations
  • recovery depends on extent of stretch
126
Q

crushing nerve injury

A
  • often the result of an acute traumatic compression of a nerve
  • typically only damages the axons and often leaves the cell bodies / connective tissue coverings intact which help to guide regenerating axons to their correct target
127
Q

severed nerve injury = more or less likely to regenerate?

A

less likely

128
Q

severed nerve injury sprouting begins

A

at the cut ends, but the growing axons are less likely to reach their targets

129
Q

compression nerve injury is likely to compromise the blood supply to ?

what can in result in

A

to the nerve (ischemia)

permanent pins and needs sensation (PARESTHESIA), numbness, and/or muscle weakness

130
Q

peripheral neuropathy is damage to

A

one or more of the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord

131
Q

what does peripheral neuropathy often result in

A

numbness, pain, weakness

  • often described in the hands or feet but can also affect other areas and body functions like digestion, urination, and circulation (autonomic neuropathy)

Integrated - Block 1 Exam 2 (3 decks)

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