Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
CNS or PNS? - brain
A
CNS
2
Q
CNS or PNS? - spinal cord
A
CNS
3
Q
CNS or PNS? - 31 pairs of spinal nerves and their ganglia
A
PNS
4
Q
CNS or PNS? - 12 pairs of cranial nerves and their ganglia
A
PNS
5
Q
CNS or PNS? Autonomic nervous system and their ganglia
A
PNS
6
Q
CNS or PNS? - enteric nervous system
A
PNS
7
Q
What does the neural tube primarily develop into
A
CNS
8
Q
What do neural crest cells primarily develop into
A
PNS
9
Q
What are the 3 ectodermal placodes
A
Nasal, lens, and otic placodes
10
Q
What type of nerve is this:
Convey neural impulses to the CNS from the sense organs and from sensory receptors in various parts of the body
A
Sensory (afferent)
11
Q
What type of nerve is this:
Convey neural impulses from the CNS to the effector organs (muscles and glands)
A
Motor (efferent)
12
Q
Somatic - target?
A
Body wall
13
Q
Visceral - target?
A
Organs
14
Q
Which nerves are these -
Bilateral pairs (R/L) which
exit the cranial cavity through foramina (openings) in the skull
A
Cranial nerves
15
Q
How are cranial nerves identified
A
descriptive name or a Roman numeral
ex: Vagus nerve (CN X)
16
Q
Which nerves are these?
Arise in bilateral pairs
(R / L) from a specific segment of the spinal cord
A
Spinal nerves
17
Q
Which nerves are these?
Exit the vertebral column (spine) through intervertebral foramina
A
Spinal nerves
18
Q
How are spinal nerves identified?
A
By a letter and number designating the region of the spinal cord and their superior to inferior order
19
Q
List the spinal nerve segments in order
A
C: cervical
T: thoracic
L: lumbar
S: sacral
Co: coccygeal
20
Q
There is one pair of spinal nerves associated with each
A
spinal cord level (31 levels)
21
Q
What are the spinal nerves responsible for
A
conveying information to and from the horns of the spinal cord
22
Q
A
23
Q
How are C1-7 named
A
for vertebra inferior to their exit
24
Q
Where does C8 exit
A
between C7 and T1
25
How are the 12 thoracic spinal nerves named
by vertebra superior to their point of exit
26
How are the 5 lumbar nerves named
by vertebra superior to their point of exit
27
How are the 5 sacral nerves named
by vertebra superior to their point of exit
28
How is the 1 coccygeal nerve named
by vertebra superior to their point of exit
29
Fibers emerge from spinal cord as
rootlets
30
Rootlets converge to form
2 nerve roots
31
Anterior (ventral) spinal nerve is S or M?
motor
32
Is this anterior or posterior?
Fibers from cell bodies located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord
Anterior (ventral)
33
Posterior (dorsal) spinal nerve is S or M?
Sensory
34
Is this anterior or posterior?
Fibers from cell bodies located in the dorsal root (spinal) ganglion
Posterior (dorsal)
35
nerve roots converge to form a
spinal nerve
36
a converged spinal nerve consists of what fibers
mixed (sensory and motor)
37
Where does spinal nerve converging occur
at or near the intervertebral foramen of the vertebral column
38
Spinal nerve immediately divides into
posterior (dorsal) ramus and anterior (ventral) ramus
39
the posterior and anterior ramus consist of
a mix of sensory and motor fibers
40
each ramus can give rise to or contribute to
peripheral nerves
41
which rami remain separate the entire length of the spinal cord
posterior (dorsal) rami
42
which rami carry somatic motor, somatic sensory, and postganglionic sympathetic fibers at all 31 spinal levels
posterior (dorsal) rami AND anterior (ventral) rami
43
Deep (true) muscles of the back are innervated by
posterior rami
44
skin overlying deep muscles of the back are innervated by
posterior rami
45
arteries supplying deep muscles of the back are innervated by
posterior rami
46
the anterior and lateral trunk are innervated by
anterior rami
47
the upper and lower limbs are innervated by
anterior rami
48
which rami rained separate from each other in the trunk
anterior rami
49
which rami form plexuses for limbs
anterior rami
50
when you see plexus, think
network
51
which rami can participate in plexus formation
anterior rami
ex: upper and lower limbs
--> brachial plexus and arm
52
anterior rami that participate in plexus formation contribute fibers to
multiple peripheral nerves arising from the plexus
53
most peripheral nerves arising from a plexus contain fibers from
multiple spinal nerve levels
54
all named branches of the dorsal and ventral rami have a mixed component of
- somatic motor fibers
- somatic sensory fibers
- postganglionic sympathetic fibers
55
example of somatic motor fibers
skeletal muscle
56
example of somatic sensory fibers
skin, joints, muscle
57
example of postganglionic sympathetic fibers
smooth muscle of arteries and sweat glands
58
how can the number of sensory and motor fibers in a peripheral nerve vary?
depending on their target
remember: motor nerves still carry sensory fibers and vice versa
59
spinal nerves ONLY supply the
body wall and limbs
60
which system is pseudounipolar
sensory
61
where are the 1st order sensory cell bodies located
outside but close to the CNS
62
what are 1st order cell bodies of the sensory (afferent) system
dorsal root (spinal) ganglion
ganglia associated with cranial nerves
63
peripheral/distal sensory processes extend from the
target to the cell body
64
central/proximal sensory processes extend from the
cell body to the spinal cord
65
sensory fibers enter CNS via
posterior root of spinal nerves
66
where are lower motor neuron cell bodies located, be specific
gray matter of CNS
- ventral or lateral horns of spinal cord
- nuclei of brainstem
67
Motor axons exit CNS via
anterior root of spinal nerves or via cranial nerves
68
somatic system conveys information between
the CNS and body wall/extremities
69
visceral system conveys information between
the CNS and internal organs, glands, and blood vessels
70
What are the 4 main functional divisions
Somatic sensory
Somatic motor
Visceral sensory
Visceral motor
71
Which system is this
input to CNS from skin, joints, or skeletal muscle
somatic sensory system
72
Somatic sensory system is responsible for
pain, temperature, touch, pressure, proprioception
73
somatic sensory system 1st order cell body is in a
dorsal root ganglion or ganglia associated with cranial nerves
74
which system is responsible for ONE neuron system between target and CNS
Somatic sensory system
75
for Somatic sensory system - 1st order sensory neuron has what processes?
distal (from the target to the cell body) and proximal (from the cell body to the CNS)
76
Somatic sensory system - does a synapse occur in a sensory ganglion
NO
77
Somatic sensory system - fibers enter CNS via
posterior root of spinal nerves or via cranial nerves
78
what are dermatomes and peripheral innervation maps
visual representations of the sensory system
79
what is this - unilateral area of skin innervated by the somatic sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve
dermatome
80
Dermatome landmark - C4
lateral neck / superior shoulder
81
Dermatome landmark - C5
lateral arm
82
Dermatome landmark - C6
lateral forearm and thumb (1st digit)
83
Dermatome landmark - C7
middle and ring fingers (3rd and 4th digits)
84
Dermatome landmark - C8
medial hand and pinky (5th digit)
85
Dermatome landmark - T1
medial forearm
86
Dermatome landmark - T2
medial arm
87
Dermatome landmark - T4
nipple
88
Dermatome landmark - T10
umbilicus (belly button)
89
why does the lesion of one posterior root of a spinal nerve rarely result in numbness?
fibers overlap which provides a back-up / double coverage of that area
90
Generally how many nerves must be interrupted to produce a noticeable area of numbness
at least 2 adjacent spinal nerves
91
what are the 2 methods spinal nerves reach a dermatome
a single peripheral wall
(ex: thoracic and abdominal walls)
multiple peripheral nerves (ex: upper and lower limbs)
92
plexus formation results in different nerves carrying fibers from
a single spinal nerve
93
plexus formation results in different nerves carrying fibers from a single spinal nerve, but the sensory fibers from this spinal nerve will ultimately be distributed to the
same dermatome
94
Shingles follows peripheral processes of
the 1st order cell bodies located in that ganglion to the area of skin distribution
95
the somatic motor system is what kind of motor system
voluntary
96
where does the somatic motor system transmit signals
from the CNS to skeletal (voluntary) muscles
97
how many neurons are between the CNS and end organ/target (skeletal muscle) and what is it known as
1, the lower motor neuron
98
where is the cell body of the somatic motor system located
in a nucleus within the ventral horn of spinal cord or within nuclei of the brainstem
99
where does the visceral motor - autonomic nervous system transmit signals
to smooth muscle and glands
100
for the visceral motor - autonomic nervous system, the end organ must be one of the following:
- smooth muscle
- arteries, hollow organs and ducts, arrector pili muscles, intrinsic eye muscles
101
for the visceral motor - autonomic nervous system, the glands must be one of the following:
- sweat, salivary, lacrimal, GI
- modified cardiac muscle
- SA and AV nodes of the heart
102
how is the visceral 2 motor neurons system named
by their relationship to the ganglion they synapse at
103
what organization are pre-ganglion neurons part of
visceral motor
104
what organization are post-ganglionic neurons part of
visceral motor
105
where are the preganglionic neuron cell bodies located
grey matter of CNS
106
preganglionic axon terminates ONLY within an ?
this is a what?
autonomic ganglia upon the cell body of a postganglionic neuron
synapse
107
where are the postganglionic cell bodies located
outside CNS and make up the autonomic ganglia
108
where do postganglionic axons terminates
on target (end) organ
109
the visceral motor system is divided into 2 systems: what are they
sympathetic and parasympathetic
110
sympathetic fibers go
EVERYWHERE
111
parasympathetic fibers do not go to the
body wall or limbs
112
organs, major glands, & modified cardiac tissue will have
dual motor control
113
simple structures such as sweat glands & arteries are only innervated by
sympathetics only
114
visceral sensory - input to CNS from hollow organs and blood vessels from
sensory receptors
115
visceral sensory system deals with
pain and subconscious visceral reflex
- stretch/distension, blood gas, blood pressure levels, blood pH
116
visceral sensory - 1st order cell bodies are either in
spinal/dorsal root ganglion or specific cranial nerve ganglia
117
does the visceral sensory system have a synapse occur in a sensory ganglion
NO
118
dorsal root ganglion at certain levels contain cell bodies for both
somatic sensory
visceral sensory (pain)
119
visceral sensory system is the basis for
referred pain
120
what is referred pain
pain felt in one area of the body is actually caused by pain/irritation in a different part (typically visceral)
121
neurons do or do not proliferate in the adult nervous system?
do NOT
- very minor exceptions ex: olfactory epithelium
122
most neurons destroyed through disease or trauma are or are not replaced
are NOT
123
when neurons are stretched, crushed, or cut, their axons
degenerate mostly distal to the site of the lesion (damage) because the axons were dependent on the cell body to survive
124
if the axons are damaged, but the cell bodies are intact, regeneration and return of function may or may not occur?
MAY
125
stretching nerve injury:
- nerves (axons) can stretch to a certain degree
- when limit is exceeded, the nerve can be torn apart
- often associated with bone fracture / dislocations
- recovery depends on extent of stretch
126
crushing nerve injury
- often the result of an acute traumatic compression of a nerve
- typically only damages the axons and often leaves the cell bodies / connective tissue coverings intact which help to guide regenerating axons to their correct target
127
severed nerve injury = more or less likely to regenerate?
less likely
128
severed nerve injury sprouting begins
at the cut ends, but the growing axons are less likely to reach their targets
129
compression nerve injury is likely to compromise the blood supply to ?
what can in result in
to the nerve (ischemia)
permanent pins and needs sensation (PARESTHESIA), numbness, and/or muscle weakness
130
peripheral neuropathy is damage to
one or more of the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord
131
what does peripheral neuropathy often result in
numbness, pain, weakness
- often described in the hands or feet but can also affect other areas and body functions like digestion, urination, and circulation (autonomic neuropathy)
