PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards
1
Q
WHAT IS NTS
A
NUCLEUS TRACTUS SOLARITIS
2
Q
WHERE ARE SENSORS FOR REGULATING MAP LOCATED
A
CAROTID SINUS
AORTIC ARCH
3
Q
WHAT TYPE OF RECEPTORS REGULATE MAP
A
BARORECEPTORS- SENSITIVE TO STRETCH
4
Q
THE AORTIC BARORECEPTOR IS CONNECTED TO WHICH CRANIAL NERVE
A
10TH- VAGUS NERVE
5
Q
CAROTID BARORECEPTOR IS CONNECTED TO WHICH CRANIAL NERVE
A
9TH- GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
6
Q
NORMAL RANGE OF MAP
A
70-105 mm Hg
7
Q
minimum map of _______ is needed to perfuse vital organs
A
60 mm Hg
8
Q
normal range of pulse pressure
A
30-50 mm Hg
9
Q
value of Bp for hypertension
A
140/90 mm Hg
daytime avg: 135/85 mm Hg
10
Q
neruotransmitter released by sympathetic division + receptor on which it acts
receptor acting on heart
A
noradrenaline- beta 1 adrene receptors
11
Q
neurotransmitter released by parasympathetic division + receptor on which it acts
A
acetylcholine- m2 muscarinic receptors
12
Q
parasympathetic division is linked to stimulation of which cranial nerve
A
10th- vagus nerve
13
Q
slowed heart rate
A
bradycardia
14
Q
fast heart rate
A
tachycardia
15
Q
most anterior surface of heart
A
right ventricle
16
Q
most posterior surface of heart
A
left atrium
17
Q
neurotransmitter acting on vascular smooth muscle supplied by sympathetic nerve fibres
A
noradrenaline
18
Q
noradrenaline acting on vascular smooth muscle supplied by sympathetic nerve fibres acts on which receptor
A
alpha receptor
19
Q
Disadvantage of Anastomoses
A
Disadvantage = they bleed from both sides of a cut
20
Q
external iliac artery supplies
A
lower limbs
21
Q
internal iliac artery supplies
A
pelvis and perineum
22
Q
where does lymph return to veins
A
root of the neck
23
Q
what is an End artery
A
the ONLY arterial blood supply to a given area
24
Q
what is Infarction
A
irreversible cell death due to hypoxia
25
what is hypoxia
inadequate oxygen supply
26
what does an Anastomosis/ collateral circulation around a tissue do
Provides alternative routes for blood to flow to supply the cells distal to an arterial occlusion (blockage)
27
aortic arch 3 branches:
brachiocephalic trunk
left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery
28
Lymph eventually drains into venous system at?
venous angles in root of neck
29
Venous blood flows assisted by :
| 3 things help it
Venous valves
(2) Muscular contraction
(3) Venae comitantes
Small veins run in pairs or more with an artery in a sheath
30
what is Venae comitantes
Small veins run in pairs or more with an artery in a sheath
Arterial pulsation pushes venous blood along
31
blood in veins flows in ___ direction
one/ unidirection
32
venous blood from GI tract and associated organs is drained to the
portal vein
33
Two main venous systems
hepatic/portal venous system
system venous system
34
lymph node can usually be palpated true or false?
false.
Normal lymph nodes cannot usually be palpated
Lymph nodes fighting infection or being taken over by a spreading cancer usually enlarge and can be palpated or seen on CT scan
35
what is vasomotor tone
Vascular smooth muscles partially constricted at rest - caused by tonic discharge of sympathetic nerves
36
what are the major components of a cell plasma membrane.
lipids:phospholipids, cholestrol
carbohydrates: glycoproteins and glycolipids-glycocalyx
protiens: membrane proteins
37
Pure phospholipid bilayer membranes are extremely impermeable to
almost any water-soluble substance/ polar/ hydrophilic substance
38
Pure phospholipid bilayer membranes are permeable to
small uncharged polar molecules can cross fairly freely
eg: O2, CO2, NH3, H2O
39
water is impermeable to the phospholipid bilayer due to hydrophobic tails
true or false
false
small uncharged polar molecules can cross fairly freely including H2O
40
Two types of membrane proteins are
peripheral or integral
41
Peripherally associated membrane proteins are not embedded within the membrane
true or false
true
they adhere tightly to the cytoplasmic or extracellular surfaces of the PM
42
what are transmembrane proteins?
integral proteins span the lipid bilayer once or several times
43
functions of integral membrane proteins
| 7 functions
Adhesion molecules
Ligand-binding receptors
Pumps
Carriers
Pores and channels
Enzymes
Intracellular signalling
44
what are Docking-marker acceptors? where are they located
Docking-marker acceptors interact with secretory vesicles leading to exocytosis of the vesicle contents.
they are located on the inner membrane surface
45
what is glycocalyx
Short carbohydrate chains bound to membrane proteins lipids form glycoproteins and glycolipids- which
together form glycocalyx
46
Membrane carbohydrates serve as self-identify markers
true or false
true
| ensures:
Cells do not overgrow their own territory
47
cancer cells have a normal surface marker of membrane carbohydrates
true or false
false
cancer cell growth have abnormal surface markers
48
3 types of cell junctions
tight junctions
adhering junctions
gap junctions
49
connexons are hydro____ channel proteins present in gap junctions
hydrophilic
50
what is tonicity
effect a solution has on cell volume
51
what are the two properties that influence whether a particle can permeate the plasma membrane without assistance
lipid solubility
Size of the particle
52
passive transport is driven by which two gradients
concentration gradient
electrical gradient
53
5 factors on which Ficks law of diffusion depends on
Fick’s law of diffusion:
1.magnitude of the concentration gradient
2.surface area of the membrane across which diffusion is taking place
3.lipid solubility of the substance
4.molecular weight of the substance
5.distance through which diffusion must take place
54
in Ficks law of diffusion, which factors are directly proportional to net rate of diffusion
conc gradient,surface area,lipid solubility
55
in Fick's law of diffusion, which factors are indirectly proportional to the net rate of diffusion
molecular weight, distance
56
what are the two types of ion-gated channel proteins?
leak: always open
gated: open and close in response to membrane potential or chemical stimuli (ligand-gated channels)
57
what is osmosis
Osmosis is the net diffusion of water down its own concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane
58
what are water channels ( membrane proteins) called
Aquaporins
59
unit of osmolarity
osmoles/litre
60
how does passive transport occur down a concentration gradient?
simple diffusion
61
how does passive transport occur along an electrical gradient?
ion channels
62
what is an electrochemical gradient
The net effect of simultaneous electrical and concentration gradients on an ion is called an electrochemical gradient
63
3 important characteristics determine amount of material transferred across a carrier-mediated membrane
1.Specificity
2.Saturation- Tm
3.Competition
| 1.Each carrier is specialised to transport a specific substance or a few
## Footnote
2.Transport Maximum
3.E.g. An amino acid carrier can transport both Gly and Ala. The presence of both diminishes the rate of transfer for either.
64
how does carrier-mediated transport work
Substances bind onto a specific carrier protein which undergoes a conformational change (shape change) that transports the substance
65
what are the two forms of active transport?
Primary active transport
Secondary active transport
66
what is primary active transport
when energy is directly required to move a substance against its concentration gradient- ATP is hydrolysed to give ADP+Pi
67
what is secondary active transport
when the carrier moves a molecule by using secondhand energy stored in the form of an ion concentration gradient (usually a Na+ gradient)
68
3 important roles for the Na+-K+ pump
1.Helps establish Na+ and K+ concentration gradients
2.regulates cell volume
3.energy source for secondary active transport
| 2.controls concentration of solutes inside the cell
## Footnote
3.energy used to drive the pump indirectly serves as the energy source for secondary active transport
69
Na+-K+ ATPase transports __ Na+ out for ___ K+ in
3, 2
70
what is secondary active transport
transfer of solute across the membrane coupled with the transfer of the ion that supplies the driving force (typically Na+)
71
what is Symport (co-transport)
The solute and Na+ move in the same direction.
solute gets into cell
72
what is Antiport (exchange or countertransport)
The solute and Na+ move in opposite directions (Na+ into, solute out of the cell)
73
vesicle transport requires energy for formation and movement within the cell
true or false
true
74
Normal Heart Rate/Pulse in adults
normal resting HR 60-100 beats/min
75
Normal Capillary refill time in adults
<2 seconds- less than 2 sec
76
Normal Oxygen Saturation in adults
≥96%.
77
Normal Respiratory Rate in adults
normal resting RR 12-20 breaths/min
78
"outer shell" of the human body consists of
skin and subcutaneous tissue
79
Core Body Temperature is:
The temperature of the blood and internal organs, 37.8 C
80
what is normothermia
Normal core body temperature is kept within a narrow range called normothermia
81
3 indirect estimates of core body temperature
infrared tympanic thermometer, infrared forehead and forehead strips
82
what is tympanic temperature? what is the normal range
Ear Drum (tympanic): normal range about 36 C-37.5 C:
83
what is the range for fever
38-40 C
84
what is the temp for hyperthermia
above 40 C
85
what is the temp for hypothermia
at or below 35 C
86
Direct estimates of core body temperature are taken by measuring temp in?
Rectal or Oesophageal
87
Nonshivering thermogenisis is by
Brown fat
88
Shivering increases heat production by increasing _________, hence metabolic heat production can be increased enormously
Muscle Activity
89
The BMR can be increased by hormones such as
| 3
adrenaline, noradrenaline, and thyroxine
90
what is Basal Metabolic Rate
minimum amount of energy required to sustain vital body functions- leads to the basic level of Heat Production
91
WHAT ARE THE SENSORS TO SENSE CHANGES IN CORE BODY TEMPERATURE
THERMORECEPTORS
92
where are the thermoreceptors located?
-Central thermoreceptors
hypothalmus, abdominal organs
-Peripheral thermoreceptors
skin
93
what is the control centre to maintain core body temp
hypothalamus
| The Hypothalamus acts as the body’s thermostat (maintains the temperatur
94
what are the effectors to maintain core body temp
Skeletal Muscles
Skin Arterioles
Sweat Glands
95
The __________ hypothalamic centre is activated by cold
and
The __________ hypothalamic centre is activated by warmth
posterior ,anterior
96
The posterior hypothalamic centre is activated by ______
cold
97
The anterior hypothalamic centre is activated by _______
warmth
98
how do Skin Arterioles (effectors) help to warm the body during exposure to cold
Vasoconstriction
## Footnote
(contraction of the arterioles’ smooth muscles) - blood flow to the skin surface is reduced - heat conservation (Decreased heat loss)
99
how do Skeletal Muscles
help to warm the body during exposure to cold
Increased muscle tone
Shivering
Increased voluntary movement (behavioural)
| increased heat production
100
how do Skin Arterioles (effectors) help to cool the body during exposure to warmth
Vasodilatation
## Footnote
(relaxation of the arterioles smooth muscles) - blood flow to the skin surface is increased (Increased heat loss)
101
how do Skeletal Muscles
help to cool the body during exposure to warmth
Decreased muscle tone
Decreased voluntary movement (behavioural)
102
who releases endogenous pyrogens
macrophages (certain type of phagocytic white blood cells)
103
what do endogenous pyrogens stimulate the release of?
Endogenous pyrogen (e.g. interleukins) stimulates the release of prostaglandins in the hypothalamus
104
what do prostaglandins do to the body's normal hypothalamic set point?
prostaglandins act on the hypothalamic thermo-regulatory centre to “reset” the thermostat at a higher temperature
105
During fever, how would the hypothalamic set point return to normal?
The hypothalamic set point would be restored to normal if the pyrogen release is reduced/stopped or the prostaglandin synthesis is decreased/ceased
