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MEDICINE YEAR 1 > PHYSIOLOGY > Flashcards

PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT IS NTS

A

NUCLEUS TRACTUS SOLARITIS

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2
Q

WHERE ARE SENSORS FOR REGULATING MAP LOCATED

A

CAROTID SINUS
AORTIC ARCH

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3
Q

WHAT TYPE OF RECEPTORS REGULATE MAP

A

BARORECEPTORS- SENSITIVE TO STRETCH

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4
Q

THE AORTIC BARORECEPTOR IS CONNECTED TO WHICH CRANIAL NERVE

A

10TH- VAGUS NERVE

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5
Q

CAROTID BARORECEPTOR IS CONNECTED TO WHICH CRANIAL NERVE

A

9TH- GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL

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6
Q

NORMAL RANGE OF MAP

A

70-105 mm Hg

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7
Q

minimum map of _______ is needed to perfuse vital organs

A

60 mm Hg

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8
Q

normal range of pulse pressure

A

30-50 mm Hg

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9
Q

value of Bp for hypertension

A

140/90 mm Hg
daytime avg: 135/85 mm Hg

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10
Q

neruotransmitter released by sympathetic division + receptor on which it acts

receptor acting on heart

A

noradrenaline- beta 1 adrene receptors

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11
Q

neurotransmitter released by parasympathetic division + receptor on which it acts

A

acetylcholine- m2 muscarinic receptors

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12
Q

parasympathetic division is linked to stimulation of which cranial nerve

A

10th- vagus nerve

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13
Q

slowed heart rate

A

bradycardia

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14
Q

fast heart rate

A

tachycardia

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15
Q

most anterior surface of heart

A

right ventricle

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16
Q

most posterior surface of heart

A

left atrium

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17
Q

neurotransmitter acting on vascular smooth muscle supplied by sympathetic nerve fibres

A

noradrenaline

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18
Q

noradrenaline acting on vascular smooth muscle supplied by sympathetic nerve fibres acts on which receptor

A

alpha receptor

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19
Q

Disadvantage of Anastomoses

A

Disadvantage = they bleed from both sides of a cut

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20
Q

external iliac artery supplies

A

lower limbs

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21
Q

internal iliac artery supplies

A

pelvis and perineum

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22
Q

where does lymph return to veins

A

root of the neck

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23
Q

what is an End artery

A

the ONLY arterial blood supply to a given area

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24
Q

what is Infarction

A

irreversible cell death due to hypoxia

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25
Q

what is hypoxia

A

inadequate oxygen supply

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26
Q

what does an Anastomosis/ collateral circulation around a tissue do

A

Provides alternative routes for blood to flow to supply the cells distal to an arterial occlusion (blockage)

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27
Q

aortic arch 3 branches:

A

brachiocephalic trunk
left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery

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28
Q

Lymph eventually drains into venous system at?

A

venous angles in root of neck

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29
Q

Venous blood flows assisted by :

3 things help it

A

Venous valves

(2) Muscular contraction

(3) Venae comitantes
Small veins run in pairs or more with an artery in a sheath

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30
Q

what is Venae comitantes

A

Small veins run in pairs or more with an artery in a sheath
Arterial pulsation pushes venous blood along

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31
Q

blood in veins flows in ___ direction

A

one/ unidirection

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32
Q

venous blood from GI tract and associated organs is drained to the

A

portal vein

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33
Q

Two main venous systems

A

hepatic/portal venous system
system venous system

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34
Q

lymph node can usually be palpated true or false?

A

false.
Normal lymph nodes cannot usually be palpated

Lymph nodes fighting infection or being taken over by a spreading cancer usually enlarge and can be palpated or seen on CT scan

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35
Q

what is vasomotor tone

A

Vascular smooth muscles partially constricted at rest - caused by tonic discharge of sympathetic nerves

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36
Q

what are the major components of a cell plasma membrane.

A

lipids:phospholipids, cholestrol
carbohydrates: glycoproteins and glycolipids-glycocalyx
protiens: membrane proteins

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37
Q

Pure phospholipid bilayer membranes are extremely impermeable to

A

almost any water-soluble substance/ polar/ hydrophilic substance

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38
Q

Pure phospholipid bilayer membranes are permeable to

A

small uncharged polar molecules can cross fairly freely

eg: O2, CO2, NH3, H2O

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39
Q

water is impermeable to the phospholipid bilayer due to hydrophobic tails

true or false

A

false
small uncharged polar molecules can cross fairly freely including H2O

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40
Q

Two types of membrane proteins are

A

peripheral or integral

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41
Q

Peripherally associated membrane proteins are not embedded within the membrane

true or false

A

true

they adhere tightly to the cytoplasmic or extracellular surfaces of the PM

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42
Q

what are transmembrane proteins?

A

integral proteins span the lipid bilayer once or several times

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43
Q

functions of integral membrane proteins

7 functions

A

Adhesion molecules
Ligand-binding receptors
Pumps
Carriers
Pores and channels
Enzymes
Intracellular signalling

44
Q

what are Docking-marker acceptors? where are they located

A

Docking-marker acceptors interact with secretory vesicles leading to exocytosis of the vesicle contents.

they are located on the inner membrane surface

45
Q

what is glycocalyx

A

Short carbohydrate chains bound to membrane proteins lipids form glycoproteins and glycolipids- which
together form glycocalyx

46
Q

Membrane carbohydrates serve as self-identify markers

true or false

A

true

ensures:
Cells do not overgrow their own territory

47
Q

cancer cells have a normal surface marker of membrane carbohydrates

true or false

A

false

cancer cell growth have abnormal surface markers

48
Q

3 types of cell junctions

A

tight junctions
adhering junctions
gap junctions

49
Q

connexons are hydro____ channel proteins present in gap junctions

A

hydrophilic

50
Q

what is tonicity

A

effect a solution has on cell volume

51
Q

what are the two properties that influence whether a particle can permeate the plasma membrane without assistance

A

lipid solubility
Size of the particle

52
Q

passive transport is driven by which two gradients

A

concentration gradient
electrical gradient

53
Q

5 factors on which Ficks law of diffusion depends on

A

Fick’s law of diffusion:
1.magnitude of the concentration gradient
2.surface area of the membrane across which diffusion is taking place
3.lipid solubility of the substance
4.molecular weight of the substance
5.distance through which diffusion must take place

54
Q

in Ficks law of diffusion, which factors are directly proportional to net rate of diffusion

A

conc gradient,surface area,lipid solubility

55
Q

in Fick’s law of diffusion, which factors are indirectly proportional to the net rate of diffusion

A

molecular weight, distance

56
Q

what are the two types of ion-gated channel proteins?

A

leak: always open
gated: open and close in response to membrane potential or chemical stimuli (ligand-gated channels)

57
Q

what is osmosis

A

Osmosis is the net diffusion of water down its own concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane

58
Q

what are water channels ( membrane proteins) called

A

Aquaporins

59
Q

unit of osmolarity

A

osmoles/litre

60
Q

how does passive transport occur down a concentration gradient?

A

simple diffusion

61
Q

how does passive transport occur along an electrical gradient?

A

ion channels

62
Q

what is an electrochemical gradient

A

The net effect of simultaneous electrical and concentration gradients on an ion is called an electrochemical gradient

63
Q

3 important characteristics determine amount of material transferred across a carrier-mediated membrane

A

1.Specificity
2.Saturation- Tm
3.Competition

1.Each carrier is specialised to transport a specific substance or a few

2.Transport Maximum
3.E.g. An amino acid carrier can transport both Gly and Ala. The presence of both diminishes the rate of transfer for either.

64
Q

how does carrier-mediated transport work

A

Substances bind onto a specific carrier protein which undergoes a conformational change (shape change) that transports the substance

65
Q

what are the two forms of active transport?

A

Primary active transport
Secondary active transport

66
Q

what is primary active transport

A

when energy is directly required to move a substance against its concentration gradient- ATP is hydrolysed to give ADP+Pi

67
Q

what is secondary active transport

A

when the carrier moves a molecule by using secondhand energy stored in the form of an ion concentration gradient (usually a Na+ gradient)

68
Q

3 important roles for the Na+-K+ pump

A

1.Helps establish Na+ and K+ concentration gradients
2.regulates cell volume
3.energy source for secondary active transport

2.controls concentration of solutes inside the cell

3.energy used to drive the pump indirectly serves as the energy source for secondary active transport

69
Q

Na+-K+ ATPase transports __ Na+ out for ___ K+ in

A

3, 2

70
Q

what is secondary active transport

A

transfer of solute across the membrane coupled with the transfer of the ion that supplies the driving force (typically Na+)

71
Q

what is Symport (co-transport)

A

The solute and Na+ move in the same direction.
solute gets into cell

72
Q

what is Antiport (exchange or countertransport)

A

The solute and Na+ move in opposite directions (Na+ into, solute out of the cell)

73
Q

vesicle transport requires energy for formation and movement within the cell

            true or false
A

true

74
Q

Normal Heart Rate/Pulse in adults

A

normal resting HR 60-100 beats/min

75
Q

Normal Capillary refill time in adults

A

<2 seconds- less than 2 sec

76
Q

Normal Oxygen Saturation in adults

A

≥96%.

77
Q

Normal Respiratory Rate in adults

A

normal resting RR 12-20 breaths/min

78
Q

“outer shell” of the human body consists of

A

skin and subcutaneous tissue

79
Q

Core Body Temperature is:

A

The temperature of the blood and internal organs, 37.8 C

80
Q

what is normothermia

A

Normal core body temperature is kept within a narrow range called normothermia

81
Q

3 indirect estimates of core body temperature

A

infrared tympanic thermometer, infrared forehead and forehead strips

82
Q

what is tympanic temperature? what is the normal range

A

Ear Drum (tympanic): normal range about 36 C-37.5 C:

83
Q

what is the range for fever

A

38-40 C

84
Q

what is the temp for hyperthermia

A

above 40 C

85
Q

what is the temp for hypothermia

A

at or below 35 C

86
Q

Direct estimates of core body temperature are taken by measuring temp in?

A

Rectal or Oesophageal

87
Q

Nonshivering thermogenisis is by

A

Brown fat

88
Q

Shivering increases heat production by increasing _________, hence metabolic heat production can be increased enormously

A

Muscle Activity

89
Q

The BMR can be increased by hormones such as

3

A

adrenaline, noradrenaline, and thyroxine

90
Q

what is Basal Metabolic Rate

A

minimum amount of energy required to sustain vital body functions- leads to the basic level of Heat Production

91
Q

WHAT ARE THE SENSORS TO SENSE CHANGES IN CORE BODY TEMPERATURE

A

THERMORECEPTORS

92
Q

where are the thermoreceptors located?

A

-Central thermoreceptors
hypothalmus, abdominal organs
-Peripheral thermoreceptors
skin

93
Q

what is the control centre to maintain core body temp

A

hypothalamus

The Hypothalamus acts as the body’s thermostat (maintains the temperatur

94
Q

what are the effectors to maintain core body temp

A

Skeletal Muscles
Skin Arterioles
Sweat Glands

95
Q

The __________ hypothalamic centre is activated by cold
and
The __________ hypothalamic centre is activated by warmth

A

posterior ,anterior

96
Q

The posterior hypothalamic centre is activated by ______

A

cold

97
Q

The anterior hypothalamic centre is activated by _______

A

warmth

98
Q

how do Skin Arterioles (effectors) help to warm the body during exposure to cold

A

Vasoconstriction

(contraction of the arterioles’ smooth muscles) - blood flow to the skin surface is reduced - heat conservation (Decreased heat loss)

99
Q

how do Skeletal Muscles
help to warm the body during exposure to cold

A

Increased muscle tone
Shivering
Increased voluntary movement (behavioural)

increased heat production

100
Q

how do Skin Arterioles (effectors) help to cool the body during exposure to warmth

A

Vasodilatation

(relaxation of the arterioles smooth muscles) - blood flow to the skin surface is increased (Increased heat loss)

101
Q

how do Skeletal Muscles
help to cool the body during exposure to warmth

A

Decreased muscle tone
Decreased voluntary movement (behavioural)

102
Q

who releases endogenous pyrogens

A

macrophages (certain type of phagocytic white blood cells)

103
Q

what do endogenous pyrogens stimulate the release of?

A

Endogenous pyrogen (e.g. interleukins) stimulates the release of prostaglandins in the hypothalamus

104
Q

what do prostaglandins do to the body’s normal hypothalamic set point?

A

prostaglandins act on the hypothalamic thermo-regulatory centre to “reset” the thermostat at a higher temperature

105
Q

During fever, how would the hypothalamic set point return to normal?

A

The hypothalamic set point would be restored to normal if the pyrogen release is reduced/stopped or the prostaglandin synthesis is decreased/ceased

MEDICINE YEAR 1 (6 decks)

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