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Frcs > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

To which receptor does dobutamine bind

A

Sympathomimetic both alpha and beta agonist but mainly beta 1

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2
Q

ECG features of hypokalaemia

A

U waves
Small or absent T waves
Prolonged PR interval
ST depression
long QT interval

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3
Q

Which which cells is histamine released in the stomach to cause secretion of acid

A

Enterochromaffin cells

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4
Q

Stomach cells and secretions

A

Parietal cells - HCL, Ca, Ma, Mg, Intrinsic factor
Chief cells - Pepsinogen
Surface mucosal cells - mucus and bicarbonate

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5
Q

I hat is thr maximal site of sodium absorption on the GI tract

A

Jejunum

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6
Q

Pancreatic secretions

A

Enzymes - Acinar cells
Water - Ductal Cells

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7
Q

Factors affecting renin sections

A

Stimulating - hypotension, hyponatraemia, sympathetic stimulation, catecholamines, erect posture

Reducing - beta blockers, NSAIDs

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8
Q

Side effects of neostigmine

A

Sweating, bradycardia, salivation

Occurs due to activation of the muscsrinic receptors of the autonomic nervous system

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9
Q

What effects does storing blood have on handling oxygen

A

Stored blood has less 2,3 DPG and therefore a higher affinity for oxygen. This reduces its ability to release it in metabolic tissue

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10
Q

Oxygen and the Bohr effect

A
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11
Q

What causes secretion of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla

A

Acetylcholine from the pregangkionic sympathetic fibres of the splanchnic nerves

Cause chromaffin cells release contents via exocytosis

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12
Q

Where is CCK released from

A

I cells of the duodenum

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13
Q

From which amino acid are catecholamines produced

A

Tyrosine

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14
Q

What is the greatest stimulus for gastric acid production

A

Histamine

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15
Q

Cardiovascular changes in pregnancy

A

Decreased SVR
Increased plasma volume
Increased red cell volume
Increased heart rate
Ventricular distension
Raised BP
Capillary bed dilatation

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16
Q

Where is most dietary iron absorbed

A

Proximal small bowel (duodenum and jejunum) by divalent transports (as Fe2+) and bound as ferritin

17
Q

Which drug increases gastric emptying post vagotomy

A

Erythromycin

Metocloprimide effects mediated by the vagus

18
Q

What is the primary substrate for bile acids

A

Cholesterol- primary bile salts are choleys and chenodeoxycholate

19
Q

What does noradrenaline primarily bind to

A

Alpha 1

Alpha 1& 2 vasoconstriction
Beta 1 increased cardiac contractual ITU and HR
Beta 2 vasodilatation
Delta 1 renal and spleen vasodilatation
Delta 2 inhibits release of noradrenaline

20
Q

Adrenaline affects on the heart

A

Cardiac affects mediated by beta 1 receptors.

Coronary arteries which have beta 2 receptors are unaffected

21
Q

Half life of albumin

A

20days

22
Q

Action of CCK

A

Increases pancreatic enzyme release, increases pancreatic bicarbonate release, gallbladder contraction, inhibits gastric emptying

23
Q

Area of GI tract with highest levels of potassium

A

Rectum

The rectum has the potential to generate secretions rich in potassium. This is the rationale behind administration of resins for hyperkalaemia and the development of hypokalaemia in patients with villous adenoma of the rectum.

24
Q

Factors affecting renin

A

Stimulating
Factors stimulating renin secretion
• Hypotension causing reduced renal perfusion
• Hyponatraemia
• Sympathetic nerve stimulation
• Catecholamines
• Erect posture

Factors reducing renin secretion
• Drugs: beta-blockers, NSAIDs

25
Q

Protein C

A

It is linked to the action of factor V and VIll, not factor II.

Protein C and S are natural anticoagulant proteins. Protein C is synthesised in the liver and protein S is synthesised by the liver, endothelial cells, magakaryocytes and Leydig cells. Their synthesis is a vitamin K dependent process. Protein C and S bind to form a complex that inactivates factor Va and Villa. Resistance to activated protein C is otherwise known as factor V Leiden and confers an increased risk of thromboembolic events.

26
Q

Increased rates of gastric emptying

A

Chloramphenicol has no effect on gastric emptying. Ondansetron slows gastric emptying slightly. Metoclopramide increases the rate of gastric emptying but its effe are mediated via the vagus nerve.

27
Q

Nerve fibres

A

ow transmission of mechanothermal stimuli is transmitted via C fibres. a fibres transmit information relating to motor proprioception, A B fibres transmit such and pressure and B fires are autonomic fibres.

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