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Cardiovascular Systems > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cardiovascular system do?

A

Transport respiratory gases, removes waste products of metabolism, body temp control, transport hormones and moves immune system components

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2
Q

what mechanism does the cardiovascular system use to do all of its functions

A

circulation

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3
Q

What is the main components of the cardiovascular system?

A

The heart, blood and blood vessels

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessels?

A

Ateries and arterioles, capillaries, veins and venules

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5
Q

What are the 2 main circuits in the body?

A

Pulmonary and systemic

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6
Q

How many chambers of hearts is there?

A

4

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7
Q

Does the heart generate its own rhythmn?

A

Yes

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8
Q

What ensures unidirectional blood flow?

A

Valves

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9
Q

How is blood moved into lower pressure area?

A

Muscular walls generate pressure in each chamber moving the blood into lower pressure area

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10
Q

What ensures delivery of oxygen to support pump action?

A

An extensive network of coronary blood vessels

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11
Q

What is one major cause of cardiovascular disease?

A

Valve dysfunction

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12
Q

What direction do Cardiac muscle contraction in?

A

They have to contract in more than one direction

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13
Q

How do you get contraction in more than two axis?

A

Fibres must wrap around

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14
Q

What does cardiac muscle cells being striated mean for contraction?

A

they can only contract along their long axis

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15
Q

What does coronary artery disease cause?

A

angina, heart attack and heart failure

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16
Q

What do coronary arteries supply to the heart?

A

oxygen

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17
Q

What is the order of vessels blood flow goes through?

A

Ventricle, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules/veins, atrium

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18
Q

What is the ventricle and what is the pressure like?

A

Is the pumping chamber and has high pressure

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19
Q

What type of vessels are arteries?

A

Conductance vessels

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20
Q

What is the function of arteries in terms of pressure?

A

They damp down pressure variations

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21
Q

What is involved in the structure of arteries?

A

thick elastic wall

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22
Q

What type of vessels are arterioles?

A

Resistant vessels

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23
Q

what do arterioles do?

A

They control blood flow and MAP

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24
Q

What is arterioles structure?

A

Thick muscular wall

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25
Q

What are the capillary vessels?

A

Exchange vessels

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26
Q

What is the structure of capillaries?

A

Narrow wall

27
Q

What are the venules/veins vessels called?

A

Capacitance vessels

28
Q

What are the venules/veins structure?

A

Thin collapsible wall

29
Q

What is the atrium?

A

Receiving chamber

30
Q

What happens if the heart starts beating?

A

brain ischemia leading to death

31
Q

How many people die of cardiovascular disease?

A

25% in women and 27% in men

32
Q

What is an overveiw of the Pulmonary circuit

A

Blood goes from the left side of the heart full of oxygen and then into the right when it does not have as much oxygen to get more

33
Q

What is the names of the 4 chambers in the heart?

A

Left and right atrium
Right and left ventricles

34
Q

Why are the walls of the left ventricle thicker than that in the right?

A

It pushes out blood all over the body

35
Q

Why is there a pause between blood entering ventricle and it leaving the ventricle?

A

the heart needs to build up pressure so it can be pushed around the body

36
Q

what is systole?

A

contractions

37
Q

What is diastole?

A

relaxation

38
Q

What do arteries and the elastic wall do?

A

It can expand and absorb the blood coming from the heart

39
Q

What happens to the aortic valve in age?

A

Stiffening of aortic valves causes issues in heart remodelling

40
Q

What is the structure of valves?

A

Quite flexible and open when blood is pushed from one chamber to the next

41
Q

What happens to the muscles in heart attacks and does this grow back?

A

Lose muscle and cant grow back

42
Q

can we grow cardiovascular cells which will pump correctly

A

No

43
Q

reduced blood supply to heart leads to what symptoms?

A

heart attack or chest pains due to lack of oxygen

44
Q

What is the order blood flows around the body, e.g. heart - capillary-heary

A

Blood goes from left ventricle to aortic valve and goes into aorta. They then enter arterioles before going to capillaries. They then enter venules before flowing to veins and back into the heart via the right atrium

45
Q

What do veins have in them?

A

Valves

46
Q

What muscles help push blood back towards the heart in veins?

A

Skeletal muscles

47
Q

What is the pressure in the atrium and ventricles?

A

High

48
Q

The higher the pressure the thicker the what?

A

The wall

49
Q

Where does blood pressure reduce drastically?

A

small arteries to arterioles

50
Q

What happens if we alter the resistance arteries (small arteries and arterioles)?

A

Big change in blood flow and pressure

51
Q

Where does blood pressure begin to increase?

A

Right ventricle

52
Q

What is the structure of arteries?

A

Artery have lots of muscles and elastic tissue. It is surrounded by connective tissue

53
Q

The structure of vein cells?

A

Vein in more expandable as they have less elastic and less muscle

54
Q

What are Endothelial cells and where are they found?

A

Single layer thick surrounding all structures

55
Q

How big are Capillaries and what do they do?

A

One cell thick, exchange of water, ions etc.

56
Q

Are endothelial cells touching and what does this do?

A

very close and touching one another creating a layer. These communicate to one another via junctions.

57
Q

What way do endothelial cells grow?

A

They grow in the direction of blood flow

58
Q

Role of Endothelial cells: What do they regulate in blood vessel structure?

A

Determine how restricted or relaxed the blood vessels are

59
Q

Role of Endothelial cells: What do endothelial cells determine to do with tight and leaky tight junctions?

A

Determine permeability

60
Q

Role of endothelial cells: What does endothelial cells do to platelets to regulate them?

A

Platelet’s aggregate and have a tendency for thrombus so endothelial releases molecules to stop this unless there is damage

61
Q

What type of disease does endothelial damage cause?

A

Cardiovascular Disease

62
Q

What part of the blood vessels do endothelial cells interact with?

A

basement membrane of the blood vessel.

63
Q

What type of tight junctions do endothelial cells have?

A

Some endoltheila cells will have tight junctions, some will have leaky tight junctiins.

Cardiovascular Systems (3 decks)

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