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Cardiovascular Systems > Blood pressure regulation > Flashcards

Blood pressure regulation Flashcards

1
Q

What does MAP stand for?

A

Mean arterial pressure

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2
Q

How do you work out MAP?

A

Cardiac output x total prereferral resistance

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3
Q

What properties does the walls have which helps them resist the pressure of blood?

A

muscular/elastic properties

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4
Q

What is high blood pressure called?

A

Hypertension

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5
Q

what diseases can hypertension lead to?

A

Stroke, heart attack, aortic aneurysm, kidney disease and dementia

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6
Q

What is the normal blood pressure numbers?

A

120/80

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7
Q

What is the numbers of blood pressure for hypertension?

A

140/90

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8
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

the flow of blood within a system

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9
Q

What are the resisters of blood pressure?

A

organ beds

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10
Q

How do the resisters help blood pressure drop?

A

There is a pressure drop here as they are in parallel and therefore the flow is diverted.

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11
Q

What are within arterioles which help measure blood pressure?

A

gating

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12
Q

Can capillaries resist blood pressure?

A

no

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13
Q

What is microvascular disease?

A

high blood pressure hits the organs.

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14
Q

What is systole?

A

Left ventricle contracting

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15
Q

what is diastole?

A

left ventricle refilling

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16
Q

How long does the heart spend in systole compared to diastole?

A

systole - 1/3
Diastole - 2/3

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17
Q

How do you calculate pulse pressure?

A

Systolic blood pressure - diastolic blood pressure

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18
Q

How do you calculate mean arterial blood pressure?

A

Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 (pulse pressure)

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19
Q

How do you measure blood pressure by direct-arterial cannulation?

A

You can put a blood pressure transducer into the heart of the aorta – this is experimental and is very precise but invasive, so we don’t really use it

20
Q

How does the blood pressure cuff work?

A

Cuff inflated to occlude artery and then deflates as you reach systole which creates noise. When you reach diastole there is no noise and the cuff can measure this

21
Q

Why don’t you get the same result each time you check blood pressure?

A

stress, excersise, hormones, kidney action, machinery isn’t good

22
Q

What does it mean by BP is a soft physiological variant?

A

you will get different results each time you do it

23
Q

What is nocturnal hypertension

A

hypertension throughout the night

24
Q

How to calculate cardiac output?

A

heart rate x stroke volume

25
Q

What is the total peripheral resistance?

A

this is just artery/arteriole lumen diameter

26
Q

What is the blood volume?

A

Fluid in a system

27
Q

How often do you measure the volume of blood pumped to get cardiac output?

A

1 min

28
Q

Does cardiac output increase during excersise and if so why?

A

Yes, as muscles need more oxygen

29
Q

During excersise what two things increase?

A

heart rate and stroke volume

30
Q

What is the tipping point of heart rate and cardiac output?

A

the more rapidly you contract the less filling time you have resulting in less blood being pumped each pump

31
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle during 1 contraction.

32
Q

How to calculate stroke volume?

A

SV = end-diastolic volume (full) – end-systolic volume (empty)

33
Q

What two things does stroke volume depend on?

A

Contractility and end diastolic volume

34
Q

What is starlings law of the heart?

A

more blood in, the increased force of contraction.More blood in, greater force generated.

35
Q

What is preload?

A

the initial stretching on the cardiomyocyte sarcomeres during filling.

36
Q

Starlings law: What is elastic recoil?

A

Higher venous return increases volume which increases the stretch of the ventricle. Cardiomyocytes stretch more inducing greater contraction force.

37
Q

Starling law: What happens if you over stretch

A

Elastic recoil collapses = heart failure

38
Q

What is Laplace’s Law?

A

The wall tension = the force acting on the blood vessel wall is proportional to diameter of the vessel x blood pressure

39
Q

Laplace’s law: What happens if blood pressure is too high?

A

Remodelling of arteries leading to less elasticity as there is more muscle. Losing elasticity means more pressure gets to the organs and damages it.

40
Q

What is Ohms law?

A

Flow is determined by pressure and resistance e.g. if flow increases but pressure doesn’t change you get more flow

41
Q

How do you calculate Ohms law?

A

Flow (Q) is equal to the pressure gradient (deltaP) divided by resistance (R).

42
Q

What is Poiseuilles law?

A

A small change in radious leads to a big change in pressure

43
Q

How do you calculate Poiseuilles law?

A

Resistance to flow is proportional viscosity x length divided by radius to the power of 4.

44
Q

What changes resistance?

A

Constriction - calcium signalling in vascular smooth muscle cells, local, circulating and neuronal
Dilation - reducing calcium signalling in vascular smooth muscle cells – this activated the system for vasodilation. The neuronal component is about sympathetic withdrawal.

45
Q

WHat happens to the kidney when blood pressure increases?

A

kidney excretes more salt and water. Extracellular fluid volume falls and blood pressure falls

46
Q

What is the kidney a long term regulator off?

A

MAP

Cardiovascular Systems (3 decks)

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