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Physiology GI > Physiology 1.30.13 Intestinal Absorption > Flashcards

Physiology 1.30.13 Intestinal Absorption Flashcards

1
Q

What part of GI tract is food absobed?

A

Small Intestine

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2
Q

what is Celiac Spprue :

A

problems with absoprtion of nutrients with patients

Sensitive to gluten –> increase destructino of SA

Susspetivele to destuction of cell divison
normall

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3
Q

How often is epithelium changed

A

changed every 5-7 days

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4
Q

What happened to man that was poisoned with Polonium?

A

Destroyed/damaged epithelial cell–> died

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5
Q

What is the stored form of animal carbs called? What are its branches like?

A

Glycogen

alpha1,4, and alpha 1,6

Higlhly branched

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6
Q

What is vegetable form of stored carbs?

A

Starch! 45-60% of dietery CHO

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7
Q

What are types of vegetbal carbe

A

Amylose (alpha 1,4) linear

Amylopectin alpha 1.4 and alpha 1.6

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8
Q

How are sugars linked in Amylose

A

Linear

Alpha 1,4

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9
Q

How is Amylopectin linked

A

Alpha 1,4; alpha 1.6

Not as much alpha 1,6 linkages as glycogen

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10
Q

What two sugars make up Sucrose

A

Glucose and Fructose

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11
Q

What two sugars make up Lactose

A

Glucose and galactose

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12
Q

Where can fructose be found?

A

In Fruit

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13
Q

What is role of amylase? What organs secrete amylase

A

Amylase is secreted as an active enzyme

It is released from Mouth, and released during hewing to break down carbs (Salivary Amylase)- secretion from exocrine pancreatic acinar cells

It is also secreted by PANCREASE (pancreatic amylase) and is stimulated by CCK

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14
Q

What hormone stimulates the release of pancreatic amylase

A

CCK

Secretion from exocrine pancreatic acinar cell

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15
Q

What can alpha amylase cut??? is it an exoenzyme or endoenzyme

A

It is an ENDOENZYME!! –> MONOSACCHARIDES ARE NOT generated

Glucose is never the product of amylase activity

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16
Q

Can alpha amyloase break terminal alpha 1,4 linkages?

A

NO!

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17
Q

Can alpha amylase reak down adjacent 1,4 linkages

A

NO!

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18
Q

Can alpha amylase break down brnaching 1.6 linakges

A

NO!

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19
Q

Can alpha-amylase breakdown terminal alpha-1,4 linkages?

A

NO!

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20
Q

What is cellulose

A

Major polysachaide in plants

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21
Q

What is the linkage of Cellulose

A

Beta-1,4 linkages

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22
Q

Can amylose breakdown beta 1,4 linakes? why or why not?

A

NO! B/c amylase can’t break down beta linakges

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23
Q

How is CHO digestion completed?

A

by membrane bound enzymes

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24
Q

Lactase

A

breaks down lactose –> glucose + Galactose

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25
Maltase
Can break down TERMINAL alpha-1,4 linakges Breaks down alpha-dextrins --> Glucose Will generate single glucose molecule
26
Sucrase
Sucrase Breaks down Sucrose --> Glucose + Fructose
27
Isomaltase
Breaks down alpha-dextrins --> Glucose ( Only enzyme to breakdown alpha 1,6 linkagesW
28
what is the only enzyme that breaks down alpha-1,6 enzymes
Isomaltase
29
Lactose Intolerance
Nearly all infants and children are able to digest lactose
30
When does lactase activity decrease
after weaning (time course dependent on hereditary factors)
31
What causes lactase deficiency
it is autosomal recessive (3% Danes are LI 97% Thais are LI) therefore thais probably have less milk in diet
32
What happens when lactose is ingested bu there is no lactase activity (or activity is deficinet)
Lactase-deficient individuals hyrolyze less lactose to glucose bacteria product form lactsoe breakdown --> Hydorgen Lactase goes into Large Intestine, not absorbed by SI Colonic bacteria metabolize lactose to yield H2
33
What sugars does SGLT1 bring in?
Sodium Dependent glucose/galactose transporter 1 SGLT1 brings in Glucose and Galactose
34
What sugar does GLUT2 transport?
GLUT2 transports glucose it has low affinity and high capacitance (means that concentration of glucose needs to be very high for it tow work)
35
what channel transports fructose
GLUT 5
36
Describe Model #1
1. Na/K ATPase generates DF for transport process (Na is pumped out) 2. SGLT1 brings in Glucose and agalacatorse 3. GLUT2 goes to membrane when glucose is present (increase affinithy, hgh ccapacitance) 4. GLUT 5 brings in Fructose
37
Describe the concept of MOdel 2 of sugar transprort
1. Na/K ATPase creates DF 2. SGLT brings in Na, Galactose, Glucose 3. GLUT 5 brings in fructose Fructose also enters interstitial space thrugh Glut 2
38
What is Congenital Glucose-Galactose Malabsorption
no SGLT transproter! 1. not using Na 2. Leads to HYPOGLYCEMIA, unless something done quickly, person can die
39
What is the Tx of congenital Glucose-Galactose Malabsorption
1 High Fructose Diet b/c still absorbing Fructose normally though GLUT 5
40
What is the disease caleld when no GLUT2
Fanconi-Bickel Syndrome
41
What is Fanconi- Bickel Syndrome
No Glut 2 moleucels Hypoglycemic, but nto b/c can't absorb glucose (Normal intestinal glucose absoprtion) -Hypoglycemia b/c cannot scavenge glucose from kidneyy - Glucose absorption in intestine is fine - Is GLUT2 important? NOt sure
42
What is Cholear?
problem with fluid transprot Need a lot of fluid and electorlyes Need to wait to replace etpithelium
43
How logn does it take for epithelium to to change
7-10 days
44
What is oral rehydration therapy
Gatorade | Pedialyte
45
What are the primary lipids in diet
Triglycerides (90%) 3FA +glycerol backbone
46
What other lipids are in die
smalelr amts of sterols, sterol esters, PL
47
At body temp, lipids are ....
liquid drpets
48
What is the body's only soure of essential FA
Dietary fat
49
Where are unesterified cholesterol derived form
animal cell membranes
50
Where are esterified cholesterol usually found
only in liver and food made from blood products
51
What enzymes break down lipid (3)
1. Salivary Lipases 2. Gastric lipase (acid pH) 3. Pancreatic Lipase (alkaline pH0
52
What kind of cells secrete Gastric Lipase? Functin of Gastric lipase
Chief Cells!!! breakdown fats!
53
What doe parietal cells secrete?
HCl
54
What do Chef Cells (body of stomach) release
Gastric lipase and Pepsinogen (activated into pepsin by basic enivornment ??
55
Are lipases H-phobic of H-philic
Lipases are H-philic
56
What doe Bile acids + Lecithin do?
emulsify fats
57
What stimulates the release of CCK?
Presence of FA in duodenum stimulates release of CCK Causes gall bladder to release bile acids
58
What is the function of CCK?
causes gall-bladder to release bild acids
59
Do bile salts inhibit or activiate lipase activity
INHIBIT! b/cit is in micelle
60
Wher are short chain FA, medium chain FA, glycerol (<12 C ) tranported
Can move as unesterified FA directily inot portal cirulation Exported to capillary --> Hepatic Portal System
61
What were >12 C..how are they transproted
They are reesterified to triglycerisdes (cholesterol is esterified to cholesterol estes) These resynthesized lipids accumulate in vesicles of SER to form pre-chylomicorns of about 100nm in diameter Prechylomicrons are coated with PL and beta-lipoprotein to fomr chylomicrons which exit the cell ER --> Golcig --> Chyomicron --> too big for portal hepatic cystem Go into lympahtics Liver never sees it
62
What is the Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Occurs when Gastrin-Secreting tumor of pancreas causes increased H secretion H secretion continues unbated b/c gastrin secreted by pancreatic tumor cells is not subject to negative feedback inchibition by H+ No negative feedback inhbition by H+!! Gastrin continually secreted
63
What kind of medication can you when you have Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
1. Omeprazole- H+/K+ ATPase inhibitor | 2. Cimetadine- H2 Antagonist
64
What happens with Chronic Pancreatitis and Cystic Fibrosis. How does it cause Steattorhea
Decreased Lipase Secretion Digestive
65
How does Gastrinoma and Zollinger-Ellison lead to Steattorhea
Decreased lipase function (b/c lipase doesn't work under acidic conditions)
66
How does Celiac Sprue lead to Steattorhea
Mucosal dysfunction (lacks absorption)
67
How does Orlistat (Xenical-Alli) lead to Steattorhea
Pancreatic Lipase Inhibition
68
How does Cholestyramine and Colestepol lead to Steattorhea?
Bile acid sequestration Digestive
69
How can you test/diagnose Celiac Disease/ malabsorption syndromes
D-xylose tests
70
Can intestines absorb disaccharides?
NO! Only monosacchardies!
71
What are the enzyme boudn to the surface of intestinal celsl
Brush border enzymes Lactase Glucoamylase (maltase) Sucrase-somatlase
72
where is activity of brush border enzymes the highest
In jejunum
73
is GTUT 2 necessary for intestinal glucose absorption? Or does it play a major role in intestinal glucose uptake?
NO! If it did then GLUT 2 shoudl compensate for a lack of SGLT1 in Congential glucose galactose malabsoprtion patients They are severely malabsoprtive phenotype!
74
What is the Fanconi-Bickel Syndome ? Phenotype of Fanconi-Bickel Syndrome
Mutations in GLUT2 Phenotype including Hypoglyceamia and glycosuria -Due to absensce of GLUT2 form other tissues sucha s kidney, rather thana fiatulreu to absorb intestinal glucose
75
What is Congential Glucose-Galactorse Malabsorption (CGM)
mutationsin SGLT1 leads to an inability to absorb glucose or galactose across across the intestinal epithelium. Failture ot thrie, weak ,lethargic, and have watery diarrhea Fed on Fructose wll thrive and dvelop normally
76
What is Congentical Sucrase-Isomaltase Deficienty (CSID)
disease phenotype iwth multipe causes Autosomal recessive human intestinal disorder that is characterized by fermentative diarrhea, abdominal pain and cramps upon ingestino of sugar
77
What happens to glucose once it reaches heptaic
passes immediately into circualtiont o be used by body
78
what happens to frucose
immedialtely cleared by liver and phosphorylated by fructokinase before entering glycoslysis or being convereted to glycogena dn stored or released into circulation as glucose
79
What happens to galactose
almost immediately cleared by liver and convertedto glycogen for storage or rleased into ciruclation as glucose
80
What is not found in blood
Therefore, ess. no galactose or fructose is found in teh blo
81
where does most of the lipid absorption take place?
in duodenum and jejunum
82
where does most of the lipid absorption take place?
in duodenum and jejunum

Physiology GI (4 decks)

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