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MD1 > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

“the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment NOTWITHSTANDING swings and changes in external environment. Self-regulatory/self adjusting/reflexive”

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2
Q

Why do we need homeostasis?

A

Create ideal environment for cells to function

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3
Q

What are the 5 elements of a negative feeback regulation system?

A
  1. What is being controlled
    1. How the stimulus is measured (sensor)
    2. Set point
    3. Comparator
      1. Motor output
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4
Q

Explain some of the reasons homeostasis is dynamic

A
  • Variations in populations
    • Can change with age
    • Circadian rhythm
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5
Q

What are the 3 types of sensory receptors and what is the primary role of a sensory receptor

A

Primary role: turn physical stimulus into biological signal

  1. stretch receptors
  2. temperature receptors
  3. chemoreceptors
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6
Q

Explain the function of each sensory receptor

A
  1. Stretch receptors
    ○ Baroreceptors
    § Detect stretch of vessel wall = change in pressure
    § Blood pressure regulation
    ○ Osmoreceptors
    § Detect stretch of cell membrane = change in cell volume
    § Involved in body fluid homeostasis
    1. Temperature receptors
      ○ Measure core body temperature
    2. Chemoreceptors
      Detect chemical changes in the body (blood gas, pH, potassium)
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7
Q

What is the difference between baroreceptors and osmoreceptors?

A

○ Baroreceptors
§ Detect stretch of vessel wall = change in pressure
§ Blood pressure regulation
○ Osmoreceptors
§ Detect stretch of cell membrane = change in cell volume
Involved in body fluid homeostasis

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8
Q

What are the types of efferent signals?

A

Neuronal (ANS)
Chemical
- endocrine
- chemokine

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9
Q

What are the types of chemical signals used in homeostasis

A

endocrine and chemokine

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10
Q

name the homeostatic effectors

A

○ Smooth muscle
§ Blood vessels
§ GI tract
○ Cardiac muscle
○ Glands
§ Endocrine
§ Paracrine
§ Adipose tissue, liver
○ Skeletal muscle (respiration, shivering)
Renal collecting ducts

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11
Q

Explain the different thermoregulatory responses

A

○ Metabolism
§ Non-shivering thermogenesis
□ Sympathetic regulation
□ Endocrine
§ Shivering thermogenesis
□ Somatic regulation
□ Endocrine
○ Skin blood flow
§ Sympathetic
□ Vasoconstriction
□ Active vasodilation
○ Sweating
sympathetic

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12
Q

Which types of muscle cells are striated?

A

Cardiac and Skeletal

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13
Q

Which type of muscle is unstriated?

A

Smooth muscle

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14
Q

What type of muscles are involuntary?

A

Cardiac and smooth muscles

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15
Q

What type of muscle is voluntary?

A

Skeletal muscle

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16
Q

Cardiac muscles cells are…

A

mono-nucleated
striated
branching
intercalated discs

17
Q

What two features help electronic signals pass between cardiac cells

A

intercalated discs and gap junctions

18
Q

Which chemical is essential in the communication signals of cardiac cells?

A

Calcium

19
Q

Where is the SA Node located

A

right atrium

20
Q

Do cells spontaneously depolarize in the nodes?

A

Yes

21
Q

At depolarization what do the cells do?

A

initiate muscle contraction

22
Q

Explain how cardiac muscles contract and relax

A

action potential enters from adjacent cells -> voltage gated calcium channel opens -> calcium enters cell and induces calcium release through ryanodine receptor channels ->calcium sparks to create signal -> calcium ions bind to troponin to initiate contraction -> calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum for storage -> calcium is exchanged with sodium -> sodium gradient is maintained by the sodium potassium ATPase

23
Q

Where are the purkinjie fibres located?

A

ventricles (right and left)

24
Q

Does the AV node have fast or slow conduction?

A

slow

25
Q

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the heart?

A

increased heart rate and increased force of contraction

26
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the heart?

A

slows heart rate

27
Q

What anatomical features allow for sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the heart?

A

Sympathetic: sympathetic chains (along spinal column)

Parasympathetic: Vagus nerve

28
Q

Rank the action potential time from fastest to slowest for: nerves, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle

A
  1. nerves
  2. skeletal muscle
  3. cardiac muscle
29
Q

What are the 5 phases of cardiac action potential?

A

Phase 0: rapid rising phase (depolarisation)
Phase 1: Early repolarisation
Phase 2: plateau phase
Phase 3: Repolarisation phase
Phase 4: restoration phase

30
Q

Which is faster action potential response? Ventricular cardic myocyte or atrial cardiac myocyte?

A

Ventricular cardiac myocyte

31
Q

What are the three different types of capillaries and what differentiates them?

A
  1. Continous capillary = most common, edges of endothelial cells joined by tight junction
  2. Fenestrated Capillary = gaos in the endothelial cell membrane. permeable to fluids and small solutes. found wherever filtration and reabsorption occues (Kidney etc.)
  3. Sinusoid Cappilary = leaky capillaries with large fenestrations. found in liver, bone marrow, spleen, adrenal medulla
32
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

transport vesiciles (small) across the cell

MD1 (6 decks)

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