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Cardiovascular System > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

When the blood leaves the arteries is it under high or low pressure?

A

High

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2
Q

As the blood moves through the circulatory system does the pressure increase or decrease?

A

Decrease

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3
Q

Define stroke volume

A

The volume of blood ejected from the heart in one beat

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4
Q

What is the desired stroke volume at rest?

A

70 ml

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5
Q

Define heart rate

A

The number of times the heart beats per minutes

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6
Q

What is the desired resting heart rate?

A

60-85 bpm

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7
Q

Define cardiac output

A

The volume of blood ejected from the heart in one minute

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8
Q

What is the usual cardiac output when at rest?

A

Around 5L per minute

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9
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

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10
Q

Define mean arterial blood pressure (MABP)

A

The average pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the major arteries

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11
Q

What is the usual MABP?

A

<107 mmHg

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12
Q

How do you calculate MABP?

A

MABP = Cardiac output x Peripheral resistance

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13
Q

How many factors affect arterial blood pressure and what are they?

A

4;
~circulatory volume
~force of ventricular contraction
~elasticity of the arteries
~peripheral reistance

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14
Q

What is the biggest/most common factor that effects arterial blood pressure?

A

circulatory volume

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15
Q

What is circulatory volume?

A

Associated with the stroke volume. If you have an increase blood volume, you have an increased pressure and therefore increased blood pressure.

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16
Q

How does ventricular force effect blood pressure?

A

If you are pumping the blood at a higher force then your over all blood pressure is going to be increased.

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17
Q

How does the elasticity of the arteries effect blood pressure?

A

If the arteries are inelastic then you have a smaller diameter which means the blood will be travelling at high pressures meaning high blood pressure.

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18
Q

How does peripheral resistance effect blood pressure?

A

The higher the resistance in the arteries the higher the blood pressure

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19
Q

What is the biggest factor that effects resistance in the arteries?

A

The radius of the arteries

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20
Q

What type of nerves travel all around the body and can effect lots of things in the body?

A

Vagus nerves

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21
Q

What effect do the vagus nerves have on the heart?

A

They slow down the heart beat

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22
Q

What effect does the cardiac accelerator do to the heart rate?

A

Accelerates the heart rate

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23
Q

What type of receptors are baroreceptors?

A

Pressure receptors

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24
Q

How can the nerves signal the blood vessels?

A

They can tell them to either dilate or constrict

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25
Q

When does atrial stretch occur?

A

It happens when venous return is raised eg when the circulatory volume has increased.

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26
Q

What are atrial myocytes?

A

Heart muscle cells

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27
Q

What is an atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

A

It is a vasodilator

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28
Q

What two things does ANP do?

A

Promotes sodium excretion and inhibits the secretion of ADH

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29
Q

What effect does inhibiting ADH have on BP?

A

By inhibiting ADH you decrease the reabsorption of sodium and hence water too, which increases urination and therefore decreases your BP

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30
Q

What is the NICE guidelines for diagnosing hypertension?

A

If they have a consistent systolic measurement of over 140 mmHg or a diastolic reading of over 90 mmHg.

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31
Q

What are the two different types of hypertension that can be diagnosed?

A

Primary and secondary hypertension

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32
Q

What is classed as primary hypertension?

A

When there is no clear cause of the hypertension (is around 97% of cases)

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33
Q

What is classed as secondary hypertension?

A

When the hypertension is caused by another disease, such as kidney problems

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34
Q

How many ways can the endocrine system effect blood pressure and what are they?

A

4 ways, which are
~adrenaline release
~antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
~atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
~renin angiotensin aldosterone system.

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35
Q

Where is adrenaline released from?

A

The adrenal medulla

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36
Q

When is adrenaline released?

A

When a low BP has been detected

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37
Q

What are the effects that adrenaline has on BP?

A

It speeds up the heart rate and increases ventricular contraction.

It dilates the skeletal muscle and constricts splenic vascular beds

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38
Q

Does adrenaline increase or decrease cardiac output and systolic BP?

A

Increases

39
Q

Does adrenaline have a big effect on MABP and if so what effect does it have?

A

Little effect on MABP

40
Q

What is ADH also known as?

A

Vasopressin

41
Q

Where is ADH released from?

A

The posterior pituitary

42
Q

When will ADH be released?

A

When there has been a reduction in BP or when there has been increased plasma osmality.

43
Q

What are the effects of ADH?

A

It promotes reabsorption of water in the kidneys and constricts blood vessels if present at a high enough concentration

44
Q

What effect does ADH have on stroke volume and thoracic peripheral?

A

It increases these

45
Q

When it is released, does ADH keep BP up or down?

A

Keeps it up

46
Q

When will atrial natriuretic peptides be released?

A

When the walls of the atria are stretched.

47
Q

How many effects does ANP have on BP and what are they?

A

4 effects.
~ promotes sodium (and therefore water) excretion in the kidneys
~ inhibits ADH and aldosterone secretion
~ acts as a vasodilator
~ can slow renin release

48
Q

What effect does ANP have on stroke volume and thoracic peripheral?

A

Decreases it

49
Q

Does ANP release keep BP up or down?

A

Keeps BP down

50
Q

Where is renin released from?

A

Afferent arterioles, in the glomerulus of the kidneys

51
Q

When is renin released?

A

When the perfusion pressure in the kidneys is low, hence related to low BP

52
Q

What protein does renin act on?

A

Angiotensinogen

53
Q

When renin cleaves angiotensinogen what is created?

A

Angiotensin 1

54
Q

What enzyme is needed to convert angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2?

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme

55
Q

What are the 4 properties of angiotensin 2?

A

~ potent vasoconstrictor through AT receptors
~ dipsogenic
~ stimulates ADH secretion
~ activates aldosterone

56
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

An absorbing salt

57
Q

How does aldosterone secretion become activated?

A

By angiotensin 2

58
Q

Where is aldosterone secreted from?

A

Adrenal cortex

59
Q

What is the effect of aldosterone?

A

It increases the reabsorption of sodium (and therefore water) in the kidneys and therefore keeps blood volume up.

60
Q

Does aldosterone keep BP up or down?

A

Keeps BP up

61
Q

What is Conn’s disease also known as?

A

Primary Aldosteronism

62
Q

What is a common result to see for patients with Conn’s disease?

A

High plasma level of aldosterone and a normal level of plasma renin.

63
Q

What are the causes of Conn’s disease?

A

Adrenal cortex tumour or hyperplasia

64
Q

What clinical feature may a patient with Conn’s disease present with?

A

Polydipsia, polyuria and persistent hypokalaemia

65
Q

Are cardiac and skeletal muscle striated or not?

A

They are

66
Q

What does striated mean?

A

When you look at them under a microscope they look like stripes

67
Q

When the muscles contract do they get longer or shorter?

A

Shorter

68
Q

What cause contraction in the striated muscle?

A

The thick filaments are pulling the thin filaments towards the centre of the sacromere

69
Q

What is the shortening of the muscles dependent on?

A

Calcium, as it binds to the regulatory proteins

70
Q

Are skeletal muscle movements involuntary or voluntary movements?

A

Voluntary

71
Q

Are the cardiac muscles Voluntary or involuntary movements?

A

Involuntary

72
Q

At the myosin binding site what is bound?

A

The myosin head is bound to actin filaments

73
Q

What happens in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

It is specially adapted for calcium to be sucked into when muscles are relaxed

74
Q

What takes up the 30-40% of the cell volume in cardiac cells?

A

Mitochondria

75
Q

What’s the function of gap junctions within the cell?

A

They act as electrically leaky junctions or boundaries between the cardiac muscles

76
Q

What do the gap junctions allow for?

A

~communications rapidly between the cells through plasma protein membranes
~Small ions can more freely from one cell to another

77
Q

Is the resting membrane potential of a cell always positive or negative?

A

Electronegative

78
Q

What controls the movement of ions in and out of the cells?

A

The sodium potassium pump

79
Q

When the permeability of the membrane to sodium and potassium is increased is this depolarisation or repolarisation?

A

Depolarisation

80
Q

When the permeability of the membrane to sodium and potassium is decreased is this depolarisation or repolarisation?

A

Repolarisation

81
Q

What do cardiac action potentials lead to?

A

Muscle contraction

82
Q

What do action potentials need to pass before an action potential can be fired?

A

The Threshold

83
Q

Are cardiac action potentials and non-cardiac action potentials the same?

A

No, the cardiac action potential is depolarised longer

84
Q

Why does the heart contract differently to other muscles?

A

Because the heart has to completely empty of blood before the next contraction so there has to be a refractory period where the heart cannot contract

85
Q

What is known as the pacemaker of the heart?

A

The Sino Atrial node (SA node)

86
Q

What node centralises the electrical information to pass it down to the bundle of His?

A

The Atrio ventricular node

87
Q

What side of the heart gets the electrical impulse first?

A

Right side

88
Q

When you have a positive deflection does the line move up or down? And what does this tell you about the direction of the electrical activity?

A

Up, therefore the electrical activity is moving towards the electrode

89
Q

When you have a negative deflection does the line move up or down? And what does this tell you about the direction of the electrical activity?

A

Down, the electrical activity is moving away from the electrode

90
Q

What are the 3 types of bipolar leads?

A

Lead 1, 2 and 3

91
Q

Where does lead 1 cross?

A

Horizontally across the body

92
Q

Where does lead 2 cross?

A

Diagonally across the body from left to right

93
Q

Where does lead 3 cross?

A

Diagonally across the body from right to left

94
Q

What are your unipolar leads?

A

aVr, aVL and aVf

Cardiovascular System (8 decks)

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