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Cardiovascular System > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the covering of the heart that provides protection?

A

Pericardium

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2
Q

What are the two layers of the pericardium called?

A

outer fibrous layer and the inner serous pericardium

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3
Q

The pericardium outer fibrous layer is elastic or inelastic
?

A

Inelastic, therefore it holds the heart in place.

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4
Q

The serous pericardium is made up of how many “parts”, and what are they?

A

3, parietal pericardium, pericardial cavity and the visceral pericardium.

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5
Q

The pericadial fluid is found within the pericardial cavity, what is the role of this fluid?

A

To prevent friction from occurring when the heart is beating.

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6
Q

What is the pericardium attached to?

A

The heart wall

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7
Q

How many layers make up the heart wall, and what are they?

A

3 layers, they are; endocardium, myocardium and epicardium

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8
Q

What part of the heart wall is the biggest layer, and what does it include?

A

The myocardium is the biggest part and it includes the cardiac muscle

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9
Q

What type of cells are held within the endocardium?

A

Simple squarmous cells and connective tissue

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10
Q

What is held in the epicardium?

A

It is a fatty layer with blood vessels

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11
Q

The fibrous skeleton of the heart refers to what parts of the heart?

A

The valves of the heart

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12
Q

What are two of the most important functions of the heart valves?

A

To ensure that the atria and the ventricles do not contract together, and to ensure that there is n o back flow of blood

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13
Q

Is the fibrous skeleton of the heart conducting or non-conducting tissue?

A

Non-conducting

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14
Q

What are the two different types of heart valves?

A

Atrioventricular and semilunar

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15
Q

What type of valves are the biggest?

A

Atrioventricular valves

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16
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves?

A

Tricuspid (Right AV valve) and Bicuspid (Left AV valve)

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17
Q

What is another name for the bicuspid valve?

A

Mitral valve

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18
Q

What are the two semilunar valves called?

A

Pulmonary and aortic valves

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19
Q

Which of the two semilunar valves is closer to the front of the heart?

A

Pulmonary

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20
Q

Where are the AV valves located?

A

Between the atria and the ventricles

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21
Q

What causes the AV valves to open?

A

The pressure from the blood moving from the atria to the ventricles

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22
Q

What anchors the AV valves to the papillary muscle?

A

Chordae tendinae

23
Q

When the chordae tendinae are contract are the valves open or shut?

A

They are shut, therefore preventing backflow into the atria from the ventricles

24
Q

What is the role of the semilunar valves specifically?

A

To guard the entrance of the aorta and pulmonary trunk

25
Q

What causes the semilunar valves to open?

A

The force that is created from ventricular contraction

26
Q

What circulation system supplies the heart itself with blood?

A

The coronary circulation system

27
Q

Where is the blood delivered to?

A

The myocardium

28
Q

Is the blood delivered when the ventricle are relaxing or contracting?

A

Relaxing

29
Q

What are the two coronary arteries that supply the heart?

A

Left coronary artery (LCA) and the right coronary artery (RCA)

30
Q

What arteries make up the LCA?

A

Anterior inter-ventricular and the circumflex

31
Q

What makes up the RCA?

A

Marginal artery and posterior inter-ventricular

32
Q

Where do the cardiac veins drain into?

A

Right atrium

33
Q

Does the anterior cardiac vein drain directly or indirectly into the right atrium?

A

Directly.
It is the great, middle and small cardiac veins drain into the coronary sinus before reaching the right atrium.

34
Q

What procedure do you have to carry out to investigate the health of the coronary vessels?

A

An angiogram is required

35
Q

What are the two ways that foetal circulation differs from an adult?

A
  1. oxygen and nutrients is delivered from the placenta via the umbilical vein.
  2. The blood must by-pass non-functioning organs such as the lungs
36
Q

how many circulatory shortcuts does the foetus have and what are they?

A

3 short cuts that are foramen ovale, ductus arteriosis and ductus venosus

37
Q

What is the role of the forman ovale within the foetal circulatory system?

A

It connects the two atriums so you by pass both the ventricles and the pulmonary system

38
Q

What is the role of the ductus arteriosis within the foetal circulatory system?

A

It connects the pulmonary trunk and the aorta so again you are by passing the pulmonary system and the left side of the heart

39
Q

What is the role of the ductus venosus within the foetal circulatory system?

A

it connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, so you are by passing the liver

40
Q

How do the differences in foetal and adult circulation change and become one after birth?

A

Ductus venosus –> Ligamentum venosum
Foramen ovale –> Fossa ovalis
Ductus arteriosus –> Ligamentum arteriosum

41
Q

In the circulatory system where is capillary blood pressure the highest?

A

At the beginning of the capillaries

42
Q

Where is capillary blood pressure the lowest?

A

At the end of the venules

43
Q

What happens to blood colloid osmotic pressure throughout the arterioles, capillaries and venule?

A

It remains constant

44
Q

If CBP is higher than BCOP what happens?

A

Filtration

45
Q

If CBP is lower than BCOP what happens?

A

Reabsorption

46
Q

How much interstitial fluid is reabsorbed?

A

~85%

47
Q

What happens if the unabsorbed interstitial fluid is not removed from the interstitial space?

A

You would get oedema

48
Q

Where does the additional unabsorbed interstitial fluid go?

A

Into the lymphatic system

49
Q

What do we call fluid once is has entered the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph

50
Q

What is the function of the lymph nodes?

A

The filter the lymph to see whether there is any infection within the lymph and if so they will become enlarged and release infection markers into the system

51
Q

Where does the lymph from the right side of the head and thorax, and right upper limb drain?

A

Right lymphatic duct

52
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A

Right subclavian vein

53
Q

Where does all other lymph (apart from the upper right side) drain?

A

Thoracic duct

54
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain?

A

Left subclavian vein

Cardiovascular System (8 decks)

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