Anatomy

Question 1

What is the covering of the heart that provides protection?

Answer 1

Pericardium

Question 2

What are the two layers of the pericardium called?

Answer 2

outer fibrous layer and the inner serous pericardium

Question 3

The pericardium outer fibrous layer is elastic or inelastic
?

Answer 3

Inelastic, therefore it holds the heart in place.

Question 4

The serous pericardium is made up of how many “parts”, and what are they?

Answer 4

3, parietal pericardium, pericardial cavity and the visceral pericardium.

Question 5

The pericadial fluid is found within the pericardial cavity, what is the role of this fluid?

Answer 5

To prevent friction from occurring when the heart is beating.

Question 6

What is the pericardium attached to?

Answer 6

The heart wall

Question 7

How many layers make up the heart wall, and what are they?

Answer 7

3 layers, they are; endocardium, myocardium and epicardium

Question 8

What part of the heart wall is the biggest layer, and what does it include?

Answer 8

The myocardium is the biggest part and it includes the cardiac muscle

Question 9

What type of cells are held within the endocardium?

Answer 9

Simple squarmous cells and connective tissue

Question 10

What is held in the epicardium?

Answer 10

It is a fatty layer with blood vessels

Question 11

The fibrous skeleton of the heart refers to what parts of the heart?

Answer 11

The valves of the heart

Question 12

What are two of the most important functions of the heart valves?

Answer 12

To ensure that the atria and the ventricles do not contract together, and to ensure that there is n o back flow of blood

Question 13

Is the fibrous skeleton of the heart conducting or non-conducting tissue?

Answer 13

Non-conducting

Question 14

What are the two different types of heart valves?

Answer 14

Atrioventricular and semilunar

Question 15

What type of valves are the biggest?

Answer 15

Atrioventricular valves

Question 16

What are the atrioventricular valves?

Answer 16

Tricuspid (Right AV valve) and Bicuspid (Left AV valve)

Question 17

What is another name for the bicuspid valve?

Answer 17

Mitral valve

Question 18

What are the two semilunar valves called?

Answer 18

Pulmonary and aortic valves

Question 19

Which of the two semilunar valves is closer to the front of the heart?

Answer 19

Pulmonary

Question 20

Where are the AV valves located?

Answer 20

Between the atria and the ventricles

Question 21

What causes the AV valves to open?

Answer 21

The pressure from the blood moving from the atria to the ventricles

Question 22

What anchors the AV valves to the papillary muscle?

Answer 22

Chordae tendinae

Question 23

When the chordae tendinae are contract are the valves open or shut?

Answer 23

They are shut, therefore preventing backflow into the atria from the ventricles

Question 24

What is the role of the semilunar valves specifically?

Answer 24

To guard the entrance of the aorta and pulmonary trunk

Question 25

What causes the semilunar valves to open?

Answer 25

The force that is created from ventricular contraction

Question 26

What circulation system supplies the heart itself with blood?

Answer 26

The coronary circulation system

Question 27

Where is the blood delivered to?

Answer 27

The myocardium

Question 28

Is the blood delivered when the ventricle are relaxing or contracting?

Answer 28

Relaxing

Question 29

What are the two coronary arteries that supply the heart?

Answer 29

Left coronary artery (LCA) and the right coronary artery (RCA)

Question 30

What arteries make up the LCA?

Answer 30

Anterior inter-ventricular and the circumflex

Question 31

What makes up the RCA?

Answer 31

Marginal artery and posterior inter-ventricular

Question 32

Where do the cardiac veins drain into?

Answer 32

Right atrium

Question 33

Does the anterior cardiac vein drain directly or indirectly into the right atrium?

Answer 33

Directly. It is the great, middle and small cardiac veins drain into the coronary sinus before reaching the right atrium.

Question 34

What procedure do you have to carry out to investigate the health of the coronary vessels?

Answer 34

An angiogram is required

Question 35

What are the two ways that foetal circulation differs from an adult?

Answer 35

1. oxygen and nutrients is delivered from the placenta via the umbilical vein. 2. The blood must by-pass non-functioning organs such as the lungs

Question 36

how many circulatory shortcuts does the foetus have and what are they?

Answer 36

3 short cuts that are foramen ovale, ductus arteriosis and ductus venosus

Question 37

What is the role of the forman ovale within the foetal circulatory system?

Answer 37

It connects the two atriums so you by pass both the ventricles and the pulmonary system

Question 38

What is the role of the ductus arteriosis within the foetal circulatory system?

Answer 38

It connects the pulmonary trunk and the aorta so again you are by passing the pulmonary system and the left side of the heart

Question 39

What is the role of the ductus venosus within the foetal circulatory system?

Answer 39

it connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, so you are by passing the liver

Question 40

How do the differences in foetal and adult circulation change and become one after birth?

Answer 40

Ductus venosus --> Ligamentum venosum Foramen ovale --> Fossa ovalis Ductus arteriosus --> Ligamentum arteriosum

Question 41

In the circulatory system where is capillary blood pressure the highest?

Answer 41

At the beginning of the capillaries

Question 42

Where is capillary blood pressure the lowest?

Answer 42

At the end of the venules

Question 43

What happens to blood colloid osmotic pressure throughout the arterioles, capillaries and venule?

Answer 43

It remains constant

Question 44

If CBP is higher than BCOP what happens?

Answer 44

Filtration

Question 45

If CBP is lower than BCOP what happens?

Answer 45

Reabsorption

Question 46

How much interstitial fluid is reabsorbed?

Answer 46

~85%

Question 47

What happens if the unabsorbed interstitial fluid is not removed from the interstitial space?

Answer 47

You would get oedema

Question 48

Where does the additional unabsorbed interstitial fluid go?

Answer 48

Into the lymphatic system

Question 49

What do we call fluid once is has entered the lymphatic system?

Answer 49

Lymph

Question 50

What is the function of the lymph nodes?

Answer 50

The filter the lymph to see whether there is any infection within the lymph and if so they will become enlarged and release infection markers into the system

Question 51

Where does the lymph from the right side of the head and thorax, and right upper limb drain?

Answer 51

Right lymphatic duct

Question 52

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain?

Answer 52

Right subclavian vein

Question 53

Where does all other lymph (apart from the upper right side) drain?

Answer 53

Thoracic duct

Question 54

Where does the thoracic duct drain?

Answer 54

Left subclavian vein