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Practical - Y2B2 - (Nutrition & Metabolism) 📗 > Physiology 🫁 > Flashcards

Physiology 🫁 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of body temperature?

A

Body temp. is a measure of heat concentration in the body.

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2
Q

what are the values of body temperature?

A
  • Normal body temperature ranges from : 36.6 - 37.2C.
  • 37.5 C is called fever.
  • 36.6 -35C is called subnormal temperature.
  • 35C is called hypothermia.
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3
Q

what is the absolute limit of life within body temperature?

A

20 - 43°C

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4
Q

what are the types of body temperature?

A
  • Core temp
  • Surface (shell) temperature
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5
Q

what is core temperature?

A

temp of the interior of the body (deep structures as brain, heart and lung)

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6
Q

what is shell temperature?

A
  • It is temp. of skin and underlying tissues which varies markedly according to environmental temp.
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7
Q

Variation of body temperature

A
  • Diurnal variations: (Circadian rhythm)
  • Hormonal variations
  • Psychological variation
  • Variations with age
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8
Q

normal variation of shell body temperature

A
  1. Skin covering head, chest and abdomen have high temp 34°C
  2. Skin covering large ms of leg and arm 30°C.
  3. Skin covering small ms of hands and feet 28°C.
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9
Q

diurnal variation of body temperature

A
  • Lowest temperature at 6.a.m
  • Slightly higher in early morning.
  • Highest in late afternoon due to metabolic reaction.6 p.m
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10
Q

hormonal variation of body temperature

A
  • Body temperature increase at time of ovulation about 0.5oc.
  • Thermogenic effect of progesterone in pregnant women.
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11
Q

psychological variation of body temperature

A

inc body temperature at time of emotions and exercise.

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12
Q

variation of body temperature with age

A

Premature babies: ↓ temperature.

Children: ↑ temperature.

Adults: Diurnal variations.

Old age: ↓ temperature.

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13
Q

what is used to measure body temperature?

A

medical thermometer.

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14
Q

what are the types of medical thermometers?

A

1- Glass (with mercury) thermometers:
2- Digital electronic thermometers:
3- Ear (Infra red) thermometers
4- Temperature strips (Head strips)

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15
Q

structure of glass thermometer

A
  • Medical consists of mercury store, and graduated tube (35C to 42C)
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16
Q

why is there a construction in glass thermometer?

A

There is a constriction between mercury store and tube to allow passage of mercury from the store to tube only when its temperature is raised

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17
Q

how do digital thermometers measure temperature?

A

with a heat sensor

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18
Q

how long does it take a digital thermometer to measure?

A

usually in less than 30 seconds.

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19
Q

how do ear thermometers (infra-red
thermometer) work?

A
  • electronic thermometers work by remote sensing: an infrared sensor responds to the radiation spectrum emitted from the location
  • a thermometer which senses the temperature of the eardrum without touching it is inserted into the ear canal).
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20
Q

what are temperature strips?

A
  • A liquid crystal thermometer contains heat-sensitive (thermochromic) liquid crystals in a plastic strip that change color to indicate different temperatures.
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21
Q

what are the methods of Temperature of measurement?

A
  • Oral method = standard method, most popular.
  • Axillary method. (0.5°C lower than oral temp.).
  • Rectal method (the most accurate). (0.5°C higher than oral temp.).
  • Meatal method by ear thermometer.
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22
Q

what affects oral method of temperature measurement?

A
  • Oral temp. is affected by hot or cold fluids, mouth breathing, gum chewing and cigarette smoking
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23
Q

Meatal method by ear thermometer

A
  • By flexible probe inserted close to tympanic membrane.
  • This method uses an infrared sensor to measure the flow of heat from the tympanic membrane and ear canal.
  • The method is easy and correlate well with rectal temperature.
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24
Q

what are the steps of oral method of Temperature measurement?

A
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25
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of oral method of temperature measurement?

A
26
Q

what are the steps of axillary method of temperature measurement?

A

as oral method but put in axillary space

27
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of axillary method of temperature measurement?

A
28
Q

what are the steps of rectal method of temperature measurement?

A

as oral method but put in anal canal

29
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of rectal method of temperature measurement?

A
30
Q

what is the definition of fever?

A

is an elevation of body temperature due to (resetting of the hypothalamic thermostat)

31
Q

pathogenesis of fever

A
  • Release of endogenous pyrogens(EP)
  • Resetting of hypothalamic thermostat to higher level
  • (EP) include:IL6,IL1 and TNF
32
Q

what are the stages of fever?

A
  • Stage of chills
  • Stage of Flush
  • Stage of defervescence
33
Q

stage of chills

A
  • The hypothalamic thermostat resetted to new level above 37
  • The hypothalamic center feels cold activate anti drop mechanism
  • The person feels cold(shivering)
34
Q

stage of flush

A
  • Body temp reach the new set point
  • The person feels warm
  • Skin become warm and flushed
35
Q

stage of defervescence

A
  • If the causative factor is removed
  • The set point drop to normal
  • Cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating
36
Q

what are the causes of hypothermia?

A
  • Exposure to cold weather
  • Anesthesia
37
Q

what is hyperthermia?

A
  • Increase in body temp without change in set point of the hypothalamic thermostat
38
Q

what are the causes of hyperthermia?

A
  • Severe exercise
  • Heat cramb
  • Sun stroke
39
Q

what is the definition of metabolic rate?

A

It is the rate of energy expenditure in the body / unit time

40
Q

determination of metabolic rate

A
  1. Directcalorimetry.
  2. Indirectcalorimetry.
41
Q

principle of direct calorimetry

A

Heat lost from the body by conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation, so when this heat is calculated, it equals MR.

42
Q

what is direct calorimetry formed of?

A
  • It formed of 2 layers of copper with heat insulating material in between to keep temperature inside constant.
    It contains a metal tube containing water running from side to side.
  • It contains glass filled with H2SO4 to absorb water and another glass with soda lime to absorb CO2.
43
Q

Steps of calculation of metabolic rate

A
  1. Heat lost by conduction, convection and radiation → measured by water running through metal tube which absorbs heat loss by such mechanisms→ (A).
    A = (T2-T1) x amount of water x specific heat of water
  2. b) Heat lost by evaporation → measured by weighting H2SO4 before and after the experiment → the difference is the amount of water vapour through lung and skin→ (B).
    B = weight of evaporated water x 0.58 C (latent heat of evaporation)
  3. Calculation of MR = A + B
44
Q

what are the disadvantages of direct calorimetry?

A
  1. Expensive.
  2. Few, only 3 present in America.
45
Q

principle of indirect calorimetry

A

More than 95% of energy expended in the body is derived
from reaction of O2 with different foods.

46
Q

steps of calculation of indirect calorimetry

A
  • Metabolic rate = O2 heat value x O2 consumption.

Steps:
a) Determine heat value of O2.
b) Determination of the oxygen consumption.

47
Q

determination of heat value of oxygen

A
  1. Determine the volume of O2 consumed/hour.
  2. Determine the volume of CO2 production/hour
  3. Determine RQ which equals carbon dioxide produced divided by oxygen consumed
  4. From RQ → determine heat value of O2 using the metabolic tables.
48
Q

determination of O2 consumption

A

2 methods can determine oxygen consumption
- Open circuit method.
- Closed circuit method.

49
Q

what is the Apparatus used in closed circuit Method of determination of Oxygen consumption?

A

The apparatus used is a recording spirometer the bell of which is filled with oxygen. The mouth piece is tightly placed in the subject’s mouth and his nose is closed.

50
Q

steps of closed circuit method of determination of oxygen consumption

A

The subject breathes O2 from the apparatus through the inhalation tube, and returns the expiratory air through the exhalation tube, which is connected to a container filled with soda lime to absorb CO2.

51
Q

what is the measuring unit of oxygen consumption?

A

oxygen consumption/liter/hour

52
Q

steps of open circuit method in determination of O2 consumption

A
  • In this method the subject breathes through a valve system so arranged that it separates the inspired from the expired air.
  • The volume of expired air is measured by collecting it in a spirometer (Tissot method) or a rubber bag (Douglas method).
53
Q

what is a simple is easier method of determination of metabolic rate?

A

1) Determine volume of O2 consumption/hour.

2) Using average RQ of 0.82 which is the RQ of post
absorptive stage 12-14 hours from the last meal,

3) From the table → heat value of O2.

4) MR = O2 consumption x heat value of O2.

54
Q

what is basal metabolic rate?

A

It is the metabolic rate under basal conditions or it is the rate of heat loss from the body under the basal conditions.

55
Q

what are basal conditions?

A
  1. Complete physical,mental and emotional rest.
  2. The subject is in the post-absorptive state 12-14 hours after the last meal to avoid the stimulating effect of food (S.D.A.)
  3. Comfortable external temperature neither shivering, nor sweating.
  4. Person must be awake because sleep↓es BMR.
  5. You must assure the person that the test is simple and harmless.
56
Q

how is basal metabolic rate measured?

A

A) By direct calorimetery:
BMR = A (heat lost by conduction, convection and radiation)+ B (heat lost by evaporation) Body surface area (m2)

B) By indirect calorimetery:
BMR = Heat value of O2 x O2 consumption (L/Hr) Body surface area (m2)

(Body surface is measured from Dubois charts)

57
Q

what are the physiological values of BMR?

A
  • At birth: 25C/m2/hour
  • At 2 years: 60 C/ m2/hour
  • In normal adult male 20 years old:
  • Male: 40 C/m/hour
  • Female: 36 C/m/hour
  • Every 10 years increase : BMR decrease by 1 C/ m2/hour.
58
Q

clinical expression of the BMR

A

Clinically, the B.M.R is calculated as the % deviation from the standard value.

59
Q

what does the percent of deviation of basal metabolic rate equal?

A

The % deviation= (Measured value – standard value) / standard value x 100 = ± 10 -15 % Standard

60
Q

what are the physiological factors that affect BMR?

A
  1. Age.
  2. Sex.(male> female by 10%)
  3. Race ( white > dark people)
  4. Physical habits (athletes higher by 10 %)
  5. Dietetic habits (protein diet consumption increase BMR)
  6. Climate (cold zone 10% more)
  7. Pregnancy, lactation and menstruation; increase BMR
  8. Anxiety and tension; increase BMR
61
Q

what are the pathological factors that affect BMR?

A

A. BMR is increased in the following conditions:
1. Hyperthyroidism.
2. Hyperfunction of adrenal medulla (pheochromocytoma).
3. Hyperfunction of adrenal cortex.
4. Hypoparathyroidism due to increased muscle tone.
5. Fevers.

B. BMR is decreased in the following conditions:
1. Hypothyroidism.
2. Hypofunction of adrenal cortex.
3. Prolonged starvation.
4. Hypothermia.

Practical - Y2B2 - (Nutrition & Metabolism) 📗 (2 decks)

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