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Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Cognitive control of eating

A

frontal lobe
cingulate cortex
inferior frontal cortex

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2
Q

Attention to external food cues

A

frontal
parietal
occipital
+visual areas

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3
Q

Amygdala

A

activates to food cues even when not hungry

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4
Q

Hippocampus

A

-responds to memory and experiences
-can override hunger and satiety based on food cues

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5
Q

Reward center sites receiving DA signals

A

-response to food cues (high cal, high fat)

Sup to inf:
1- dorsal striatum
2- nucleus acumbens
2- substantia nigra
4- VTA (ventral tegmental area)

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6
Q

Homeostatic control of eating
-1o site
-cues
-controls

A

-primarily in arcuate nucleus
-responds to peripheral signals: 1- gut hormones, 2- adipose hormones, 3- nutrients
-controls appetite & E exp

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7
Q

Orexigenic Pathway

A

= hunger

  1. Ghrelin +stim, Leptin/insulin inhibit
  2. 1st order neuron: AgRP/NPY in arcuate nucleus
  3. Receptors: Y1, Y5, (**AgRP also blocks MC4R) ?blocks a-MSH to MC3R & MC4R
  4. 2nd order neuron: __ in hypothalamus PVN
  5. Increase food intake
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8
Q

Anorexigenic pathway

A

= fullness

  1. Leptin & insulin +stim
  2. 1st order neuron: POMC/CART in arcuate nucleus
  3. Receptors: MC4R, MC3R
  4. 2nd order neuron: __ in hypothalamus in PVN
    ?aMSH
  5. Reduced food intake & inc EE
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9
Q

PNS signals
-duration
-vagus roles

A

-short-acting
-vagus
afferent (sensory input): regulate motility, glucose production, gut hormone secretion
efferent (output): hormones CCK, PYY, GLP-1, insulin

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10
Q

E expenditure impacted by (5)

A

-ambient temp
-circadian rhythm
-nutrition
-inflammation
-reproductive state

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11
Q

Central regulation of E exp (3)

A
  1. SNS outflow -> NE -> thermogenesis by BAT
    *SNS also influenced by glucose, ins, lep, GLP-1
  2. SCN produdes TGF-a –| locomotor via subparaventricular zone in hypothalamus
  3. Orexin-A produced in hypothalamus –> locomotion, wakefulness
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12
Q

Peripheral regulation of E exp (3)

A
  1. Insulin & leptin signal amount of fat stores
  2. Leptin –> locomotion to POMC neurons
  3. IL-6 from muscle during exercise –> mobilize fat to provide E to mm
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13
Q

Most variable component of TDEE

A

Activity-induced

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14
Q

Adipocyte signals
1. Diff’n: fibroblast –> pre-adip
2. Mat’n: maturation
3. inhibition of proliferation

A
  1. Diff’n:
    PPAR-g stimulated by
    -environmental factors
    -obesogenic meds
    -human ad-36
  2. Mat’n
    insulin, GFs, glucocorticoids
  3. SNS inhibits prolif
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15
Q

-Normal amount of visceral fat
-Least metabolically active

A

-10%
-lower body subQ

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16
Q

White vs Brown:
-shape
-mito
-other

A

White:
-spherical
-low mito
-TG droplets

Brown:
-polygonal
-high mito (color from iron)
-multiple lipid droplets

*critical for body temp
*adaptive thermogenesis in resp to food or cold (nonshivering via UCP1 in mito), burns fat and glucose
*more nerves than white, mediated by hypoth & SNS innervation (NE)

17
Q

Beige adipose

A

?aka Brite

-chars of both white and brown, UCP-1 in mito
-PET+ areas (supraclav, suprarenal, pericard, paraAo, panc, kids, trach)
-within WAT

“Beiging” occurs due to (–> = theories)
diet –> high fat feeding ↑ UCP-1, ?polyuns ↑↑, high protein (esp. whey), capsaicin
exercise –> irisin from myokines ↑ UCP-1 in WAT
pre/post biotics
drugs
plant-based bioactives
adipokine
insulin/leptin –> POMC –> beign WAT

18
Q

Anabolic & Catabolic Cycle

A

Anabolic (= Orexogenic, need nutrients to build):
↓ lep & insulin = E deficit
disinhibits (↑) NPY/AgRP, ↓ POMC/CART
↑ food intake, ↓ met rate
Food ↑ insulin & leptin = +E balance
↓ NPY/AgRP, ↑ POMC/CART
↓ food intake, ↑ met rate

19
Q

Anabolic pathway vs. Catabolic pathway signaling in ARC

A

An = Orexigenic (NPY, AgRP)
Cat = Anorexigenic (POMC/CART)

20
Q

Most metabolically active adipose tissue anatomically

A

SubQ abdominal (upper body)
-lower body least active

21
Q

Visceral adipose hormones (5+)

A

adiponectin
leptin
TNF
resistin
IL-6
and more…

22
Q

Pro-inflammatory adipokines

A

leptin
visfatin
apelin
chemerin
resistin

23
Q

Anti-inflammatory adipokines

A

adiponectin
omentin
vaspin

24
Q

Lipokines from adipose

A

palmitoleate
diHOME ?
FAHFA species

*regulate metabolism
↑ by diet, exercise, cold exp

25
Q

RNA adipose-derived extracellular vesicles

A

-endocrine messengers: imm mod, ins sens, T cell diffn
-paracrine: ↑ lipogenesis

*modulated by hypoxia, sat fat, pro-infl cytokines

26
Q

Leptin
-source
-receptor
-functions

A

** primarily WAT

** receptor in hypothalamus

** PRO-inflammatory
** Satiety (hypothalamus via NPY & POMC
** Regulates lipid homeostasis
** ↑ EE on CV system and thermogenesis via hypothalamus
-↑ SNS tone (directly and via aldo -> SNS -> ang II –| ins receptors)

-Modulates glucose homeostasis periph and centrally
-↑ ins sens
-inhibits hCG-med testost
-↑ ov steroids

(few other things on slide)

27
Q

Adiponectin
-source
-receptor
-functions

A

** adipocytes & skeletal muscle

** receptor throughout body

** ANTI-inflammatory
** Ins sensitizing (↑ glu uptake, ↓ liver glucose output)
** CV: ↓ early athero and uangiopathy

  • ↓ mm and liver TG deposits

(few other things on slide)

28
Q

Ghrelin
-source
-receptors
-role

A

-produced by stomach (also epsilon cells of panc)
-receptors widespread but for eating primarily in hypothalamus
-Orexigenic (initiate eating, ↑ meal size)

–> adrenal cortisone; GH
–| GnRH, glucose-stim insulin secrn by panc, thyroid hormone effects

also sleep/wake rhythms, taste sensation, ↓ ins resistance

** only peripheral hormone related to hunger

29
Q

GLP-1
-source
-receptors
-role

A

-L-cells in sb & colon in response to food intake
-receptors in hypothalamus & gut
-ANorexigenic, SHORT-acting
-↓ gastric emptyhing

↑↑ after bypass small bowel

30
Q

Additional satiety hormones (7)

A

Intestine:
-CCK
-PYY
-OXM (oxyntomodulin)
-enterostatin
-GIP (gluc-dep ins-tropic polypep)

Panc:
-amylin
-insulin

31
Q

Direct vs Indirect calorimetry

A

Driect:
-heat loss/production measured in enclosed chamber
-60% of food energy liberated as heat, 40% stored as ATP

Indirect:
-measuring heat production via CO2 cons & O2 prod
-desktop systems (doubly labelled water for research only)

32
Q

Metabolism across lifespan
-highest
-adults
-

A

-infants highest per lb. (50% higher than adult)
… ↓ 3% per year until 20 yo, then levels off…
-adults STABLE even in preg and post-partum
-age 60 yo ↓ 0.7% per year

33
Q

Carb metab

A

↑ insulin
immediate energy
or
stored as glycogen
or
liver full –> stored as fat

34
Q

Protein metabolism

A

↑ insulin
if AA’s not needed –> goes to liver –> gluconeo
if liver full, stored as adipose

35
Q

Fat metabolim

A

Emulsificaion
↑ insulin
Send throughout body OR stored in adipocytes

36
Q

Sleep and Metabolism

A

-metab ↓ 15% during sleep
-lowest glucose metab in NREM & intermed REM
-GH highest in slow-wave sleep
-↑ cortisol secod half of sleep (primary REM)
↑↑ leptin
↓ grehlin during latter part of night

37
Q

Circadian Alignment
-location
-influences
-hormones
-deprivation

A

*synchronization of 24 cycle needed to have stable sleep & EE

-master circ clock in SCN
-EE & food can influence clock in SCN
-hormones with circh rhythm: leptin, insulin, cortisol

-sleep deprivation ↑ Ghrelin

Orexin
-? link btw sleep & metab,
-nfluenced by leptin, ghrelin, glucose

38
Q

… addendum slides not done, p 38-42 … adipokines, satiety & hunger hormones)

A

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