physiology Flashcards
list the conducting zone structures?
(nnLttbb) nose nasopharynx larynx trachea terminal bronchiole bronchi bronchioles
blood flow is delivered to the lungs by which vessels?
pulmonary artery
.............. is the blood supply to the conducting airways (which do not participate in gas exchange)
Bronchial circulation
what cannot be measured by the spirometer?
residual volume(RV), as well as the lung capacities that include residual volume: total lung capacity and functional residual capacity
……….is the volume inspired or expired with each normal breath.
tidal volume VT
The additional volume that can be inspired above tidal
volume is called the…….
inspiratory reserve volume
The additional volume that
can be expired below tidal volume is called the……
expiratory reserve volume
what is residual volume
the volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximal forced expiration
the inspiratory capacity is composed of ……….?
composed of the tidal volume plus the inspiratory
reserve volume
The functional residual capacity (FRC)
is composed of ……….?
composed of the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
plus the RV
what is known as the equilibrium volume of the lungs?
functional residual volume(the volume
remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration)
the Vital capacity includes?
inspiratory capacity plus the expiratory reserve volume;
it is the volume that
can be expired (w/ maximal effort) after maximal inspiration.
the total lung capacity (TLC) includes?
includes all of the lung volumes: It is the vital capacity plus the RV
………..is the volume of the airways and lungs that
does not participate in gas exchange.
dead space(150mL)
what is the forced vital capacity?
is the air forcibly expired after maximal inspiration
what happens to FEV1 and FVC during restrictive and obstructive lung diseases?
- in restrictive disease(fibrosis): both FEV1 and FVC(forced vital capacity) are reduced
- in obstructive disease(asthma): FEV1 is reduced more than FVC
inspiratory reserve volume is used during?
exercise
what is the alveolar ventilation equation?
Va=(Vt-Vd)xBreaths/min
alveolar ventilation=(tidal vol-physiological dead space)x breaths /min
respiratory zone structures
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
which structure has the highest airway resistance?
medium-sized bronchi
alveolar ventilation depends on …?
rate and depth of breathing
alveolar ventilation is directly proportional to?
lung compliance
what are the factors that positively or negatively influence the rate of gas transfer across the alveoli-capillary membrane
-increasing surface area and
-increasing partial pressure gradient
which all increase diffusion
-increase in thickness can decrease diffusion rate
emphysema?
loss of elastic fibers in the lungs–>increase in compliance–>breath at higher lung volumes
how can emphysema be treated?
opposing force must be balanced; volume must be added to the lungs to increase their collapsing force
to reestablish balance in emphysema, how will the lung and chest wall system change FCR?
FCR will become higher
fibrosis?
stiffening of the lungs–>decreases lung compliance
to reestablish balance in fibrosis, how will the lung and chest wall system change FCR?
FCR will become lower
airflow is established due to ?
pressure difference
between breaths(at the end of inspiration/expiration), alveolar pressure ………. atmospheric pressure?
equals; no pressure gradient, no driving force, and no airflow
Poiseuille’s law determines…………?
resistance
why doesn’t the smallest airway have the highest resistance rather it’s the medium one?
bcz of their parallel arrangement
transmural pressure=
transmural pressure=alveolar pressure-intrapleural pressure
why is the intrapleural pressure always negative?
Surface tension of alveolar fluid, which is mostly water, also creates an inward pull of the lung tissue as well as elasticity. so,
this inward tension from the lungs is countered by opposing forces from the pleural fluid and thoracic wall. Surface tension within the pleural cavity pulls the lungs outward to keep the balance.
……………. is the pressure of the air within the pleural cavity, between the visceral and parietal pleurae.
Intrapleural pressure
…………..is the force that keeps the lungs open (even after maximal expiration) and it determines the size of the lungs.
Transpulmonary pressure; (A higher transpulmonary pressure corresponds to a larger lung.)
what would happen to the lungs if transmural pressure is negative?
lungs expand
what would happen to the lungs if transmural pressure is positive?
lungs collapse
when is the lung pressure/alveolar pressure referred to as atmospheric pressure?
during rest/equilibrium
the volume present in the lungs at rest=
FCR; the volume present after normal expiration
intrapleural pressure is the outward pull; describe it during inspiration and expiration?
inspiration: intrapleural pressure becomes even more negative
expiration: intrapleural pressure becomes less negative (to increase outward pull)
in which cases does the lung diffusion capacity (DL) increase or decrease?
DL would decrease during -emphysema(no elasticity-->alveoli ruptures-->dec surface area for gas exchange) -fibrosis/pulmonary edema -anemia DL would increase during exercise
