physiology

Question 1

list the conducting zone structures?

Answer 1

(nnLttbb)
nose
nasopharynx
larynx
trachea
terminal bronchiole 
bronchi
bronchioles

Question 2

blood flow is delivered to the lungs by which vessels?

Answer 2

pulmonary artery

Question 3

.............. is the blood supply to the 
conducting airways (which do not participate in gas 
exchange)

Answer 3

Bronchial circulation

Question 4

what cannot be measured by the spirometer?

Answer 4

residual volume(RV), as well as the lung capacities that include residual volume: total lung capacity and functional residual capacity

Question 5

……….is the volume inspired or expired with each normal breath.

Answer 5

tidal volume VT

Question 6

The additional volume that can be inspired above tidal

volume is called the…….

Answer 6

inspiratory reserve volume

Question 7

The additional volume that

can be expired below tidal volume is called the……

Answer 7

expiratory reserve volume

Question 8

what is residual volume

Answer 8

the volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximal forced expiration

Question 9

the inspiratory capacity is composed of ……….?

Answer 9

composed of the tidal volume plus the inspiratory

reserve volume

Question 10

The functional residual capacity (FRC)

is composed of ……….?

Answer 10

composed of the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

plus the RV

Question 11

what is known as the equilibrium volume of the lungs?

Answer 11

functional residual volume(the volume

remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration)

Question 12

the Vital capacity includes?

Answer 12

inspiratory capacity plus the expiratory reserve volume;
it is the volume that
can be expired (w/ maximal effort) after maximal inspiration.

Question 13

the total lung capacity (TLC) includes?

Answer 13

includes all of the lung volumes: It is the vital capacity plus the RV

Question 14

………..is the volume of the airways and lungs that

does not participate in gas exchange.

Answer 14

dead space(150mL)

Question 15

what is the forced vital capacity?

Answer 15

is the air forcibly expired after maximal inspiration

Question 16

what happens to FEV1 and FVC during restrictive and obstructive lung diseases?

Answer 16

• in restrictive disease(fibrosis): both FEV1 and FVC(forced vital capacity) are reduced
• in obstructive disease(asthma): FEV1 is reduced more than FVC

Question 17

inspiratory reserve volume is used during?

Answer 17

exercise

Question 18

what is the alveolar ventilation equation?

Answer 18

Va=(Vt-Vd)xBreaths/min

alveolar ventilation=(tidal vol-physiological dead space)x breaths /min

Question 19

respiratory zone structures

Answer 19

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs

Question 20

which structure has the highest airway resistance?

Answer 20

medium-sized bronchi

Question 21

alveolar ventilation depends on …?

Answer 21

rate and depth of breathing

Question 22

alveolar ventilation is directly proportional to?

Answer 22

lung compliance

Question 23

what are the factors that positively or negatively influence the rate of gas transfer across the alveoli-capillary membrane

Answer 23

-increasing surface area and
-increasing partial pressure gradient
which all increase diffusion
-increase in thickness can decrease diffusion rate

Question 24

emphysema?

Answer 24

loss of elastic fibers in the lungs–>increase in compliance–>breath at higher lung volumes

Question 25

how can emphysema be treated?

Answer 25

opposing force must be balanced; volume must be added to the lungs to increase their collapsing force

Question 26

to reestablish balance in emphysema, how will the lung and chest wall system change FCR?

Answer 26

FCR will become higher

Question 27

fibrosis?

Answer 27

stiffening of the lungs–>decreases lung compliance

Question 28

to reestablish balance in fibrosis, how will the lung and chest wall system change FCR?

Answer 28

FCR will become lower

Question 29

airflow is established due to ?

Answer 29

pressure difference

Question 30

between breaths(at the end of inspiration/expiration), alveolar pressure ………. atmospheric pressure?

Answer 30

equals; no pressure gradient, no driving force, and no airflow

Question 31

Poiseuille’s law determines…………?

Answer 31

resistance

Question 32

why doesn’t the smallest airway have the highest resistance rather it’s the medium one?

Answer 32

bcz of their parallel arrangement

Question 33

transmural pressure=

Answer 33

transmural pressure=alveolar pressure-intrapleural pressure

Question 34

why is the intrapleural pressure always negative?

Answer 34

Surface tension of alveolar fluid, which is mostly water, also creates an inward pull of the lung tissue as well as elasticity. so,
this inward tension from the lungs is countered by opposing forces from the pleural fluid and thoracic wall. Surface tension within the pleural cavity pulls the lungs outward to keep the balance.

Question 35

……………. is the pressure of the air within the pleural cavity, between the visceral and parietal pleurae.

Answer 35

Intrapleural pressure

Question 36

…………..is the force that keeps the lungs open (even after maximal expiration) and it determines the size of the lungs.

Answer 36

Transpulmonary pressure; (A higher transpulmonary pressure corresponds to a larger lung.)

Question 37

what would happen to the lungs if transmural pressure is negative?

Answer 37

lungs expand

Question 38

what would happen to the lungs if transmural pressure is positive?

Answer 38

lungs collapse

Question 39

when is the lung pressure/alveolar pressure referred to as atmospheric pressure?

Answer 39

during rest/equilibrium

Question 40

the volume present in the lungs at rest=

Answer 40

FCR; the volume present after normal expiration

Question 41

intrapleural pressure is the outward pull; describe it during inspiration and expiration?

Answer 41

inspiration: intrapleural pressure becomes even more negative
expiration: intrapleural pressure becomes less negative (to increase outward pull)

Question 42

in which cases does the lung diffusion capacity (DL) increase or decrease?

Answer 42

DL would decrease during 
-emphysema(no elasticity-->alveoli ruptures-->dec surface area for gas exchange)
-fibrosis/pulmonary edema
-anemia
DL would increase during exercise