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Cardiovascular > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of vessel is elastic?

A

Aorta

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2
Q

What vessels are muscular?

A

Other arteries (not aorta)

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3
Q

Which vessels are the resistance vessels?

A

Arterioles

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4
Q

Which vessels are exchange vessels?

A

Capillaries

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5
Q

Which vessels are capacitance vessels?

A

Venules and veins

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6
Q

What connects cardiac cells to each other?

A

Desmosomes, gap junctions

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7
Q

Length of cardiac action potential

A

250ms

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8
Q

What does P wave correspond to?

A

Atrial depolarisation

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9
Q

What does QRS complex correspond to?

A

Ventricular depolarisation

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10
Q

What does T wave correspond to?

A

Ventricular repolarisation

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11
Q

What does PR interval correspond to?

A

Time from atrial depolarisation to ventricular depolarisation

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12
Q

How long is PR interval?

A

0.12-0.2s

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13
Q

How long is QRS complex?

A

0.08s

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14
Q

What does QT interval correspond to?

A

Time when ventricles are depolarised (ventricular systole)

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15
Q

How long is QT interval?

A

Around 0.42s

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16
Q

Differences between STEMI and NSTEMI

A

STEMI= ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction
NSTEMI=Non-ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction

STEMI worse than NSTEMI

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17
Q

What does heart sound 1 correspond to?

A

Closure of mitral and tricuspid valves

18
Q

What does heart sound 2 correspond to?

A

Closure of aortic and pulmonary valves

19
Q

What could cause systolic murmur?

A

Stenosis of aortic/pulmonary valves or regurgitation through mitral/tricuspid valves

20
Q

What could cause diastolic murmur?

A

Stenosis of mitral/tricuspid valves or regurgitation through aortic/pulmonary valves

21
Q

What could cause continuous murmur?

A

Septal defect (i.e. hole in the heart)

22
Q

Sympathetic innervation of heart affect on heart rate

A

Releases noradrenaline
Along with circulating both act on beta1 receptors on sinoatrial node
Increases heart rate

23
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of heart affect on heart rate

A

Vagus releases ACh
Acts on muscarinic receptors on sinoatrial node
Decreases heart rate

24
Q

What controls preload?

A

End diastolic volume

25
Q

What controls afterload?

A

Arterial pressure (therefore total peripheral resistance)

26
Q

Effect of sympathetic system on contraction

A

Stronger but shorter

27
Q

Effect of parasympathetic system on contraction

A

Little/no effect

28
Q

What regulates blood pressure in the short term?

A

Arterial baroreflex

29
Q

What nerve does aortic arch baroreceptor impulse travel via?

A

Vagus nerve

30
Q

What nerve does carotid sinus baroreceptor impulse travel via?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

31
Q

How do baroreceptors measure mean arterial pressure?

A

Detect stretch in artery walls, therefore indirectly MAP

Then affect SA node, ventricular muscle, venoconstriction, arteriolar constriction, etc. to alter pressure

32
Q

What organ helps regulate BP in long term?

A

Kidneys

33
Q

How do kidneys regulate BP?

A

Control plasma volume (via excretion, osmolarity etc.)

34
Q

How does renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system control BP?

A

Results in production of angiotensin II which:

Increases sodium retention
Increases water retention
Increases total peripheral resistance

35
Q

3 hormone systems which control BP in long term

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Antidiuretic factor
Atrial natriuretic peptide and Brain natriuretic peptide

36
Q

Difference between primary and secondary hypertension

A 
Primary= cause unknown
Secondary= cause known
37
Q

What percentage of hypertension is secondary?

A

5-10%

38
Q

5 drug classes used to combat hypertension

A 
ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin II antagonists
Beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists
Ca channel blockers
Diuretics
39
Q

How do ANP and BNP systems function?

A

Increase excretion of sodium
Inhibit release of renin
Act on medullary cardiovascular centres to reduce MAP

40
Q

How does antidiuretic hormone increase MAP?

A

Increases water retention

Causes vasoconstriction

41
Q

Diastolic murmurs

A

Mitral stenosis
Tricuspid stenosis
Aortic regurgitation
Pulmonary regurgitation

42
Q

Systolic murmurs

A

Aortic stenosis
Pulmonary stenosis
Mitral regurgitation
Tricuspid regurgitation

Cardiovascular (4 decks)

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