Heart failure and arrhythmias Flashcards
Description of AF
Irregularly irregular
Description of atrial flutter
Regularly irregular
What arrhythmias require defibrillation?
Ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia
What happens to ECG in AV block?
PR interval progressively increases until P wave fails to conduct
Definition of congestion
Relative excess of blood in vessels of tissue or organ
What 3 components affect net flux and filtration and therefore can cause oedema?
Hydrostatic pressure
Oncotic pressure
Permeability characteristics and area of epithelium
Is oedema usually transudate or exudate?
Usually transudate
What are transudative oedemas due to?
Alterations in haemodynamic forces
What are exudative oedemas due to?
Increased vascular permeability
Definition of heart failure
Clinical syndrome comprising of dyspnoea, fatigue or fluid retention due to cardiac dysfunction, either at rest or on exertion, with accompanying neurohormonal activation
What does diagnosis of heart failure require?
Symptoms/signs and objective evidence
BNP in heart failure
Elevated
What scale is used for grading heart failure?
New York Association (NYHA)
Medications for heart failure
ACE inhibitors
Beta blockers
Aldosterone receptor blockers
ARNI
What is used to calculate left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)?
Biplane modified simpson’s rule
