Physiology Flashcards
Regulation of calcium
99% in bone
Rest as free calcium/bound to plasma proteins/as complexes
Pth leads to increase reabsorption from bone/kidney/increase vit d conversion to active form
Calcitrol increase reabsorption from kidney, absorption from bowel
Calcitonin decrease bone reabsorption, increased kidney excretion
Function of calcium?
Cardiac actio potential
Clotting cascade factor
Muscle contraction
Bone and teeth constituent
Aetiology of raised ca
Harry caught sally twanging Hyper pth Cancer Sarcoidosis Thrytoxicosis
Structure of nerves?
Axons + Schwann cells
= nerve fibre + endoneurieum
=fascicles
Types of nerve injury?
What is wallerian degeneration?
Neuropraxia- nerve bruising
Axontmesis- partial laceration, epineurium not damaged
Neurontmesis- complete nerve transaction
When injury causes the part of nerve distal to injury to degenerate
Draw and action potential
+30 mV for ap
Resting at -70mV
Depolarisation = sodium influx
Repolarisation = potassium efflux
https://www.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2F4%2F4a%2FAction_potential.svg%2F300px-Action_potential.svg.png&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAction_potential&tbnid=8vAYyPJekTyIWM&vet=12ahUKEwjUs6OZycX3AhVL3hoKHUTQA7wQMygGegUIARDnAQ..i&docid=wAHKuxs6xq7WLM&w=300&h=296&q=action%20potential&ved=2ahUKEwjUs6OZycX3AhVL3hoKHUTQA7wQMygGegUIARDnAQ
Types of muscle relaxants?
Depolarising - suxamethonium- mimics Ach effect but much slower hydrolysis
Non depolarising- atracurium- competitive inhibitor of Ach binds with ACh receptors at post synaptic membrane
How is BP controlled
Baroreceptors in aortic arch- lead to adh release
Chemoreceptors detect co2, acid and o2 levels
Medulla depending on above activates symph and para symph
Kidney- RAAS
Heart- starlings law
Describe the RAAS
decrease sodium/perfusion Leads to renin release Converts angiotensin to angiotensin 1 Converted by lungs to angiotensin 2 Which causes ADH secretion, aldosterone release, SNS activation, vasoconstriction
How to measure CO
Fick’s principle
= o2 consumption (VO2)/art-venous o2 gradient
Total uptake of a substance by peripheral tissues
Needs PAWP, spirometer, art line
Types of shock
Addisonian Anaphylactic Septic Haemorrhaging Cardiogenic Neurogenic Obstructive Spinal
Name a vasopressin and IMO trope and indications
Vasopressin- noradrenaline (a and b agonist though)
Septic shock
Inotrope- dobutamine
Cardiogenic shock
Role of lungs?
Oxygenation of blood
Removal of co2
PH balance
Ace release
Draw the lung volume chart
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_volumes
Draw o2 dissasocistoon curve and explain shift
Right shift- think exercise
Raised temp, co2, dpg, acidosis,
Right shift hb gives up o2 at a lower partial pressure of o2
