Physiology Flashcards
What is the process of producing sperm called?
Spermatogenesis
What is the process called where the spermatic becomes a mature spermatozoon (looses cytoplasmic contents and gains an acrosomal cap)?
Spermiogenesis
How long does spermatogenesis take?
2 months
Where does spermatogenesis occur?
Seminiferous tubules
What are the different types of sperm cells from spermatogonia to spermatozoa?
- Spermatogonium (2n 2C)
- Primary spermatocyte (2n 4C)
- Secondary spermatocyte (1n 2C)
- Spermatid (1n 1C)
- Mature spermatozoa
What happens when the spermatogonia turns into primary spermatocyte?
- Replicates (interphase) 2C -> 4C
- Travels through the tight junction (blood-testis barrier)
What process happens to turn the primary spermatocyte into the secondary spermatocyte?
Meiosis I
- Diploid to Haploid
What happens to turn the secondary spermatocyte into a spermatid?
Meiosis II
- Essentially just mitosis but in a haploid cell (1n, 1C) cell created
What happens when the spermatid matures into a spermatozoa?
Looses cytoplasmic contents and gains an acrosomal cap
How does Kartagener syndrome affect fertility?
- Tail mobility impaired -> infertility
How does Cystic fibrosis cause infertility in men?
Vas deferens is absent
Where are the different types of estrogen produced?
- Ovary = 17Beta-estradiol
- Adipose tissue = Estrone
- Placenta = estriol
Name the different types of estrogen from most to least potent?
Estradiol > Estrone > Estriol
What cells does LH act on in females?
Theca cells
What does LH stimulate the conversion of in the theca cells?
- Stimulates Desmolase through cAMP
- Desmolase converts cholesterol into androstenedione
What cells produce GnRH?
Arcuate nucleus and pre-optic nucleus
What are the stages (different cells) of oogenesis?
- Oogonium
- Primary Oocyte
- Secondary Oocyte
- Ovum
What stage of oogenesis does FSH stimulate?
Primary to secondary follicle
What stage of oogenesis is arrested for years and is completed during ovulation?
Prophase of Meiosis I
- Primary oocyte (2n, 4C) to Secondary oocyte (1n, 2C)
What stage of oogenesis is arrested until fertilisation?
Metaphase II of meiosis II
- Secondary oocyte (1n, 2C) into Ovum (1n, 1C)
What are the effects of FSH on the follicle?
- Primary follicle to Secondary follicle
- Stimulates the production of multiple layers of granulosa cells
- Stimulates formation of zona pellucida
- Conversion of androstrenedione to estrogen in granulosa cells
- Follicular fluid production in secondary follicle
The secondary oocyte is in what type if follicle?
Graffian follicle
- Primary oocyte in primary and secondary follicles
What are the structures called that do not become the ovum?
Polar bodies
What hormone causes an increase in temperature in women during ovulation?
Progesterone
What structure produces progesterone?
Corpus luteum
What are the functions of progesterone?
- Stimulation of endometrial glandular secretions and spiral artery development
- Production of thick cervical mucus (inhibiting sperm entry)
- Prevention of endometrial hyperplasia
- Increases body temp
- Decreases estrogen receptor expression
- Decreases gonadotropin (LH, FSH) secretion
During pregnancy
- Maintains pregnancy
- Decreases myometrial excitability (decreasing contraction frequency and intensity)
- Decreases prolactin action on breasts
What are the 2 phases of the menstrual cycle?
- Follicular phase
- Luteal phase
What are the effects of estrogen on LH ?
- Low concentrations of estrogen inhibit LH secretion
- At high concentrations it stimulates LH secretion
What is the FSH level negatively correlated with?
- Increased estrogen causes decreased FSH
What does the corpus luteum produce?
- Progesterone
- Inhibin
- Estrogen
What does the corpus luteum become?
Corpus albicans
What does inhibin produced by the corpus luteum act as?
Decreases FSH as not needed in luteal phase
How does a degraded corpus luteum result in menses?
Corpus luteum produces progesterone
- Progesterone maintains endometrium
- Decreased progesterone results in endometrium degrading -> menses
Why is progesterone higher in luteal phase than in the follicular and why are estrogen levels maintained in the luteal phase?
Corpus luteum produces progesterone (and estrogen)
How does degradation of the corpus luteum cause the menstrual cycle to restart?
Corpus luteum produces progesterone -> progesterone inhibits GnRH
- Degraded corpus luteum results in decreased progesterone thus the GnRH will rise
- Increased GnRH will result in higher LH and FSH ->