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USMLE Reproductive > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

In what spermatic vein is varicocele more common?

A

Left as it drains into the left renal vein at a 90deg angle

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2
Q

What drains into the para-aortic lymph nodes?

A

Ovaries/testes/ fundus of uterus

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3
Q

What drains into the external iliac nodes?

A
  • Body of uterus
  • Cervix
  • Superior part of bladder
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4
Q

What drains to the internal iliac nodes?

A
  • Prostate
  • Cervix
  • Corpus cavernosum
  • Proximal vagina
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5
Q

What drains to the superficial inguinal nodes?

A
  • Distal vagina
  • Vulva
  • Scrotum
  • Distal anus
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6
Q

Where does lymph from the clitoris and glans of the penis drain to?

A

Deep inguinal lymph nodes

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7
Q

What is the venous plexus in the scrotum called?

A

Pampiniform plexus

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8
Q

What does the infundibulopelvic (suspensory) ligament attach?

A

Ovaries to lateral pelvic wall

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9
Q

What structures run with the infundibulopelvic (suspensory) ligament?

A

Ovarian vessels

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10
Q

Ligation of the ovarian and uterine vessels during oopherectomy presents a risk to what structure?

A

Ureter

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11
Q

What does the cardinal (transverse cervical) ligament connect?

A

Cervix to the side wall of the pelvis

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12
Q

What structures are contained in the cardinal ligament?

A

Uterine vessels

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13
Q

What does the round ligament connect?

A

Uterine horn to labia majora

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14
Q

What is the round ligament a derivative of?

A

Gubernaculum

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15
Q

What does the round ligament travel through?

A

Round inguinal canal

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16
Q

What does the round ligament of the uterus travel above?

A

Artery of Sampson

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17
Q

What does the Broad ligament connect?

A
  • Uterus
  • Fallopian tubes
  • Ovaries
    All to pelvic side wall
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18
Q

What ligament is contained inside the round ligament?

A

Round ligaments of the uterus

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19
Q

What is the broad ligament made of?

A

Fold of peritoneum that comprises the mesosalpinx, mesometrium and mesovarium

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20
Q

What does the ovarian ligament connect?

A

Medial pole of ovary to uterine horn

21
Q

What is the ovarian ligament a derivative of?

A

Gubernaculum

22
Q

What is adnexal torsion?

A
  • Twisting of ovary and fallopian tube around infundibulopelvic ligament and ovarian ligament thus causing compression of ovarian vessels
  • Associated with ovarian mass
  • Presents w. acute pelvic pain, adnexal mass, N/V
23
Q

What are the different types of pelvic organ prolapse?

A
  • Ant compartment prolapse - bladder (cystocele)
  • Post compartment prolapse - rectum (rectocele) or SI (enterocele)
  • Apical compartment prolapse - uterus, cervix, or vaginal vault
24
Q

What is pelvic organ prolapse?

A

Herniation of pelvic organs to or beyond the vaginal walls (ant, post) or apex

25
Q

What is pelvic organ prolapse associated with?

A
  • Multiparity
  • Age
  • Obesity
26
Q

What are the symptoms of pelvic organ prolapse?

A
  • Pelvic pressure
  • Tissue protrusion from vagina
  • Urinary frequency
  • Constipation
  • Sexual dysfunction
27
Q

What is a pelvic organ prolapse involving all 3 compartments called?

A

Uterine procidentia

28
Q

What are the nerves involved in expulsion of semen?

A
  • Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4) (para)
  • Hypogastric nerve (T11-L2) (symp)
  • Pudendal nerve (somatic)
29
Q

How does sildenafil cause erections?

A

Blocks the degradative action of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) on cyclic GMP
- Increased cGMP

30
Q

What is the histology of the transformation zone?

A

Squamocolomnar junction

  • Ectocervix is stratified squamous
  • Endocervix is simple columnar
31
Q

What is the epithelium of the ovary characterised by?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium (germinal epithelium covering surface of ovary)

32
Q

What can renal trauma present with?

A
  • Bruising
  • Flank pain
  • Hematuria
33
Q

What can renal truama be due to?

A

Direct blows or lower rib fractures

34
Q

What are the symptoms/signs of bladder rupture?

A
  • Hematuria
  • Suprapubic pain
  • Difficulty voiding
  • Increased BUN and creatinine (due to peritoneal absorption of urine)
35
Q

Where is the most common site for bladder wall rupture?

A

Superior bladder wall (dome) injury

36
Q

Where other than the dome is a common site of bladder injury? and what can it be caused by?

A

Anterior wall or neck injury

- Due to pelvic fracture -> perforation of bony spicules

37
Q

Where does urine accumulate in an anterior bladder injury?

A

Extraperitoneal urine accumulation

- Retropubic space

38
Q

What are the symptoms/signs of urethral injury?

A
  • Blood at urethral meatus
  • Hematuria
  • Difficulty voiding
39
Q

What kind of injury may cause an anterior urethral injury?

A

Perineal saddle injury

40
Q

What can happen as a result of bulbar spongy urethra is disruptes as a result of ant urethral injury?

A

Scrotal hematoma

41
Q

Where may urine collect as a result of tearing Bucks fascia?

A

Perineal space

42
Q

What may cause posterior urethral injury?

A

Pelvic fracture

43
Q

Where can urine collect as a result of posterior urethral injury? and what is this due to?

A
  • May cause disruption at bulbomembranous junction (weakest part)
  • > Urine leakage into retropubic space and high-riding prostate
44
Q

What lines the penis and testes?

A

Internal to external

  • Tunica albuginea (found in penis and testes)
  • Deep (Buck’s) fascia (only penis)
  • Superficial (dartos) fascia (only penis)
45
Q

What do Sertoli cells produce?

A
  • Inhibin B (inhibits FSH)
  • Androgen-binding protein (maintains local levels of T)
  • MIF
  • Converts T to E via aromatase
46
Q

What do tight junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells function as?

A

Blood-testis barrier - preventing gametes from immune attack

47
Q

What can cause a temperature rise in sertoli cells and what are the effects of this?

A
  • Decreased sperm production
  • Decreased inhibin B
  • Increased temperature seen in varicocele and cryptorchidism
48
Q

What do the sertoli cells line?

A

The seminiferous tubules

49
Q

Where are Leydig cells found?

A

Adjacent to sertoli cells in the interstitium

USMLE Reproductive (14 decks)

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