Physiology Flashcards
sperm head development ?
maturation?
sperm head development in seminephrous tubule
maturation occurs in epididymis
portal triad
hepatic artery
portal vein
bile duct
HCO3 with metabolic acidosis
HCO3 loss: in saliva lossor in diarrhea
HCO3 titration: conversion of HCo3 into salt . which occur in grain overload, ketosis, diabetic ketoacidosis, renal disease.
some toxin such as metaldehyde, ethylene glycol,
retovirus diseases
equine infectious anemia feline leukemia bovine leukosis madi visna virus this retrovirus hides in monocytes from immune system
disease caused by morbilivirus
PPR, Rinder pest, canine distemper
which horn carry more pregnancy in camelid
left horn carry almost 90 percent of pregnancy in camels
Polyradiculoneuritis or coonhound paralysis
immune reaction to antigen exposure by post vaccination or raccoon bite in coonhound dogs
signs begining in pelvic limbs and leads to tetrapresis in 1 to 2 days
dermatomyositis
collies and sheltland sheep dogs
aclopecia and crusting
immune mediated
pancreatic fluke ?
erytrema pancreaticum live in pancreas
paramphostomum cervi?
dicrocelium dendriticum/
PC lives in rumen
DD lives in bile duct
blindness with pupil dilated with light , lesion will be in ?
occipetal cortex
glial cells of CNS?
astrocytes (structural, nutrtional support) oligodendrite (myelin sheeth surrounding cells) microglial cells (migrate and phagocytize the waste product of nerve tissue)
glial cells of pNS
schwan cells
type 3 hypersensitvity reaction
glomerulonephritis hypersensitvity pneumonia purpura hemmorragica anterior uveitis vasculitis in equine
cause of feline acquired symmetrical alopecia
flea allergy
cox 1 inhibiotrs
cox2 inhibitors
cox 1 inhibiotrs: flunixin meglumin, phenylbutazone, aspirin
cox2 inhibitors: meloxicam, carprofen
capnogrphy
expired co2 in each breath , also called end tidal CO2
normal value (awake animals) 0 mmhg at expiration and 35 to 40 mmhg at expiration. during inhalant anesthesia level rise to 40-55 mmhg at expiration.
higher level of CO2 at expiration indicate hypoxia and patient need to be taken care of the anesthesia.
hypomagnesemia
low magnesium in blood and CSF.
magnesium is lost in the milk so most cases are inn early lactation.
renal threshhold for glucose in dog and cat?
in dog is 180mg/dl
in cat 280mg/dl
kupfer cells
sinusoidla lining of cells
osteoclast
microglial cells
kupfer cells: macrophages of live
sinusoidla lining of cells: macrophages of spleen
osteoclast: macrophages of bone
microglial cells: macrophages of nervous system
when resiculocytes are leased following hemmorrages
3 to 5 days after incident. so reticulocytes should be checked because bone maroow respond after 3 to 5 days
function of sarcoplasmic reticulum
calcium storage
smooth endoplasm reticulum : produce lipids and steroids
rough ER: protein sysnthesis
treatment of ruptured bladder in small ruminant because of urolith
tube cystotomy
type 4 hypersensitivity
contact hypersensivity
lymphocytic choriomeningitis
autoimmune thyroiditis
kerato conjunctivitis sicca
congenital hypotrichosis
baldy calf disease
congenital hypotrichosis is autosomal recessive trait in Hereford, very short, curly, pale hair coat in which some hair fall normally
Baldy calf disease : inherited problem of Holstein
this calf lose hair , thick skin, and metabolic illness.
glomerulus proximal tubule loop of Henle distal tubule collecting duct
Glomerulus: Filter fluid and soluble solute from blood
proximal tubule: bulk reabsorption of filtered water, solutes (Na, Cl, HCO3) into blood. carbonic anhydrase act here
Loop of Henle: Create and maintain the renal medullar hypertonicity gradient. furesomide act here
Distal tubule : Help regulate pH, Na, Cl reabsoption and dilution of tubule fluid
Collecting duct: Final regulation of water, urea, acid secretion
type 2 hypersensitivity
pemphigious foliacious pemphigious vulgaris myasthenia gravis immune mediated thrombocytopenia immune mediated hemolytic anemia
sinus arrhythmia in cat, horse, and dog
in dog and horse it is normal , it is related to repsiration and increase vagal tone
in cat: it is abnormal and it is related to underlying disease such as respiratory, GIT or nervous sytem
radiography and ultrasound in pregnancy determination of cat and dog
in cat radiography can detect on 40 days and in dog it is 45 days . radiography can use to count litter size and ultrasonography can be used to check fetal viability and it is 99 %accurate after 28 days in pregnancy’s diagnosis.
management target for estrus detection calving interval first service conception rate average days open service per conception
50 to 65% 13 month 40 % or greater 115 days less than 2.5 for pregnant cow, less than 3.5 for all cow serviced
prevention of urolith in small ruminant
increase calcium intake
increase sodium chloride (increase water intake and urine formation)
addition of ammonium chloride (which increase the acidic environment in which stone formation is discouraged)
most prevalant antibody i the blood?
igG
patent ductus arteriosus in foal after birth
continuous murmur after birth in foal is normal finding because of PDA which closes after 4 to 5 days
cheyne stroke breathing pattern
fast breathing, slow breathing and then breathing stops and then cycle start agai
occur in the increased cranial pressure, ischemia, or brain damage
funtion of sertoli cells
protect the sprm cell from attack of immune system . they are also called as nurse cells
minor and major cross match determine what?
minor cross match determine the prescence of iso antibodies in donor plasma
major cross match determine the presence of isoantibodie in recepient plasma
thrombosis formation in dog is common in which diseases?
hyperadrenocoorticism
and heartworm disease
parietal cells secrets?
chief cells secretes?
parietal cells secretes HCL
chief cells secretes pepsinogen and chymosin
carbon monoxide and cyanide poisonings
cyanide poisoning prevent from releaing already bound oxygen and mucus membrane is bright cherry red
carbon monoxide prevent oxygen from binding to cells and mucus membrane is bright red.
which tissue secretes prolactin
adenohypophysis of pituatory gland
standard postion of dog for ecg
right lateral recumbency with legs perpendicular to the body
clincal signs of inflammatory airways disease
excercise intolerance, poor performance and cough
third space fluid
3 Ps
plural
peritoneal
pericardial
percentage of normal motile spermatozoa in dog
80 %
what are the ketones produced in negative energy balance of fatty acid metabolism
acetoacetate
acetone
betahydroxybutyrate
aluten disease of ferret and mink
aluten disease is immunosuppressive disease caused by parvovirus
the most common bacteria associated with bovine respiratory disease
pasturella multoceda and pasturella hemolytica
pasturella hemolytics is normal inhabitant of tonsiller crypt. stress cause to cause infection in lungs
chediak higashi syndrome
pelger huet anomaly
chediak higashi syndrome congenital oatelet defect
pelger huet anomaly: thrombocytes and white cell defect
cyclopia (one eyes on the head of lambs) in ewes is because of ?
ingestion of veratrum (skunk cabbage) on day 14 of gestation lead to development of cyclopia in lambs
infectious enterhepatitis also called black head
caused by histomonas malegridis
diarrhea and depression
characteristic bull lesion on liver and cecal changes
disease associated with retinal detachement in cat
hypertention due to hyperthyroidism and chronic renal disease.
FIV, FeLV, FIP, Toxoplasmosis, trauma
WHICH cells proliferate after brain damage
Astrocytes
term for exaggerated pain response due to neuroanatomic changes
Wind up
