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Biopsychology > Physiological Psychology > Flashcards

Physiological Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

a small organ situated on top of the brain stem, buried beneath the cerebral hemispheres

A

pineal body

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2
Q

the issue whether humans and other animals inherit their
behavioral capacities or acquire them through learning

A

nature vs nurture

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3
Q

father of modern philosophy

A

Rene Descartes

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4
Q

founded the theory of evolution

A

Charles Darwin

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5
Q

the principle that the best way to
understand a biological phenomenon (a behavior or a physiological structure) is to try to understand its useful functions for the organism

A

functionalism

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6
Q

the process by which inherited traits that confer a selective advantage (increase an animal’s likelihood to live and reproduce) become more prevalent in a population

A

natural selection

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7
Q

to understand the concept of evolution to behavior, Some researchers explicitly consider the genetic mechanisms of various behaviors and the physiological processes on which these behaviors depend

A

natural selection and evolution

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8
Q

comparing the nervous systems of animals from a variety of species to make hypotheses about the evolution of brain structure and the behavioral capacities that correspond to this evolutionary development

A

natural selection and evolution

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9
Q

father of genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

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10
Q

a double stranded molecule that is composed 4 types of
nucleotides namely Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine;
Deoxyribose sugar and a Phosphate backbone

A

DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID)

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11
Q

nucleotides found in DNA

A

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

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12
Q

a thread like structure inside the nucleus of the cell that is composed of DNA that is being tightly coiled by a protein called Histones

A

chromosome

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13
Q

number of chromosomes in humans

A

23 chromosomes

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14
Q

alteration of the genetic make-up of an organism

A

mutation

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15
Q

types of mutation

A
  • point mutation
  • frameshift mutation
  • chromosomal aberration
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16
Q

when a genetic codes was altered

A

point mutation

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17
Q

a genetic code is deleted or inserted

A

frameshift mutation

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18
Q

there is an alteration in the number or the chromosomal structure

A

chromosomal aberration

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19
Q

a dualist and he believed that the mind controlled the movements of the body, while the body, through its sense organs, supplied the mind with information about what was happening in the environment

A

Rene Descartes

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20
Q

latin word for reflexes which means to bend back

A

reflectere

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21
Q

a theory that states animals were mechanical devices; their behavior was controlled by environmental stimuli and the human body was much the same: It was a machine

A

Descartes Theory

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22
Q

assumed that the world was a purely mechanical entity that, once having been set in motion by God, ran its course without divine interference

A

Rene Descartes

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23
Q

describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did. Within a small, isolated population, a gene can spread by accident through a process called genetic drift

A

functional

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24
Q

reconstructs the evolutionary history of a structure or behavior. The characteristic features of an animal are almost always modifications of something found in ancestral species.

A

evolutionary

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25
Q

describes how a structure or behavior develops, including the influences of genes, nutrition, experiences, and their interactions

A

ontogenetics

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26
Q

explanation relates a behavior to the activity of the brain and other organs

A

physiological

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27
Q

composed of the brain and
the spinal chord

A

central nervous system

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28
Q

cranial nerves, spinal nerves,
and peripheral ganglia

A

peripheral nervous system

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29
Q

two divisions of peripheral nervous system

A
  • somatic nervous system
  • autonomic nervous system
    1. sympathetic division
    2. parasympathetic division
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30
Q

a protective sheaths that covers the brain and the spinal chord

A

meninges

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31
Q

meninges consists of layers namely:

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid membrane
  • pia mater
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32
Q

located in between the Pia mater and Arachnoid membrane

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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33
Q

it fills the gap between Pia mater and Arachnoid membrane (arachnoid trabeculae) that also protects the CNS

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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34
Q

gaps that permit the free flow of substances into and out of the blood

A

blood-brain barrier

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35
Q

is the information-processing and
information-transmitting element of the nervous system
- these cells are specialized for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals
- they come in an incredible variety of shapes and sizes

A

neurons (nerve cells)

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36
Q

major parts of the neurons

A
  • dendrites
  • cell body (soma or perikaryon)
  • axon
  • terminal buttons
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37
Q
  • from the Greek word “dendron” (Tree)
  • branched tree-like structure attached to the soma (cell Body)
A

dendrites

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38
Q

main function is to receive information from the terminal buttons of the other neurons

A

dendrites

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39
Q

contains the Nucleus and other cell organelles necessary for important cellular functions

A

cell body

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40
Q
  • a long slender tube often contains myelin sheath
  • it carries information form the cell body to the terminal
    buttons
A

axon

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41
Q

the message that the axon carries

A

action potential

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42
Q
  • located at the very end of the axon
  • it secrete a chemical called Neurotransmitter
A

terminal button

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43
Q
  • holds the nerve cells in place
  • controls the nutrient supply and some other chemicals the cells need for exchange of information
  • Insulation
  • destroys damaged cells.
A

glial cells/glia

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44
Q

types of glial cells

A
  • astrocyte
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • schwan cells
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45
Q
  • known as the largest division of the brain
  • includes the 2 symmetrical cerebral hemispheres
    covered by cerebral cortex
A

telencephalon

46
Q

it initiates voluntary movement, interprets sensory input, and mediates complex cognitive processes such as learning, speaking, and problem solving

A

telencephalon

47
Q
  • surrounds the cerebral hemispheres
  • it has convulsions called fissure, sulci, gyri
A

cerebral cortex

48
Q

telencephalon

A
  • primary motor cortex
  • sensory association cortex
49
Q
  • spatial memory
  • gets associated in Psychological/ Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders
A

hippocampus

50
Q

located between the Telencephalon and the
Mesencephalon

A

diencephalon

51
Q

diencephalon

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
52
Q

mesencephalon

A
  • tectum
  • tegmentum
53
Q

visual reflexes in mammals

A

tectum

54
Q

prevents unwanted movements

A

tegmentum

55
Q

metencephalon

A
  • cerebellum
  • pons
56
Q
  • the little brain
  • controls balance and
    movement
A

cerebellum

57
Q

unconscious movement, sleep-wake cycle and breathing

A

pons

58
Q

myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

59
Q
  • making it a key conduit for nerve signals to and from your body
  • controls breathing and heartbeat and other autonomic processes.
A

medulla oblongata

60
Q
  • primary function is for motivation and emotion
  • 2 important parts include the Hippocampus and Amygdala
A

limbic system

61
Q

plays a major role in learning and
memory

A

hippocampus

62
Q

plays a role in emotions: feelings and expressions of emotions, emotional memories, and recognition of the signs of emotions in other people

A

amygdala

63
Q

70mV is a charge of a neuron when not disturbed or not conducting an impulse

A

resting potential

64
Q

resting potential

A
  • the inside of the membrane is negatively charged and the inside is positively charged
  • sodium ions are more concentrated outside the axon than the inside
  • potassium Ions are more concentrated on the inside of the axon than in outside
65
Q
  • when there is a disturbance or the axon is conducting an impulse
  • is due to the change in the polarity of the inside of the membrane
A

action potential

66
Q

action potential

A
  • sodium and potassium ions enters the inside of the membrane making it positively charged.
  • sodium potassium gates open during action potential allowing those ions to enter inside the membrane making it positively charged
67
Q

the part of the central nervous system that is required for visual perception

A

visual system

68
Q
  • an organ that detects light. Plays a role in detecting visual information
  • held by an Extraocular Muscles
A

eye

69
Q

functions as the supporting wall of the eyeball. It helps maintain your eyeball’s shape, and protects it from injury and is covered by conjunctiva

A

sclera

70
Q

clear mucus membranes
that lubricate (moisturize) your eye

A

conjunctiva

71
Q

the transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside

A

cornea

72
Q

helps regulate the amount of light entering the eye

A

iris

73
Q

lets light into your eye as the muscles of your iris change its shape

A

pupil

74
Q

transmit light, focusing it on the retina

A

lens

75
Q
  • the interior lining of the back of the eye
  • where the receptor cells, the rods and cones are located
  • Receives light and converts it to neural signals
A

retina

76
Q

relay messages from your eyes to your brain to create visual images

A

optic nerves

77
Q

photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

78
Q

daytime vision

A

cones

79
Q

provides vision in dimly lighted environment

A

rods

80
Q

central region of the retina, which mediates our most acute (fine) vision, contains only cones

A

fovea

81
Q
  • area where conveying visual information gather together and leave the eye through the optic nerve
  • Produced blind spots
A

optic disk

82
Q
  • Proposed by Thomas Young
  • there are three different kinds of color receptors (cones), each with a different spectral sensitivity.
  • We see color as a result of the mixture of various quantities of the three colors red, yellow and blue
A

component theory (trichromatic theory)

83
Q

part of the CNS that is required for Auditory perception (ability to perceive sounds)

A

auditory system

84
Q

Second most important sense next to Vision

A

audition

85
Q

Vibration in the air molecules that stimulates the Auditory System

A

sounds

86
Q

organ for hearing

A

ear

87
Q

receives and funnel sound waves going towards the ear canal and the ear drums

A

pinna (external ear)

88
Q

A structure on the middle ear that vibrates with the sound

A

tympanic membrane

89
Q

ossicles found in the tympanic membrane

A
  • malleus
  • incus
  • stapes
90
Q

These are the structure that contains receptors

A

cochlea

91
Q
  • touch and pain
  • provides information on what’s happening on the surface of the body and inside it
  • a sensory system that perceives pressure, vibration, heat, cooling, and events that can cause tissue damage
    -mechanoreceptor`
A

somatosensory system

92
Q

senses external stimuli that are
applied to the skin

A

exteroceptive system

93
Q

monitors information about the
position of the body that comes from receptors in the
muscles, joints, and organs of balance

A

proprioceptive system

94
Q

provides general information about conditions within the body (e.g., temperature and blood pressure)

A

interoceptive system

95
Q

2 major somatosensory pathways

A
  1. Dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system
  2. Anterolateral system
96
Q

Tends to carry information about touch and proprioception

A

dorsal-column medial lemniscus system

97
Q

Tends to carry information about pain and temperature

A

anterolateral system

98
Q

It is a severe chronic pain in the absence of a recognizable pain stimulus

A

neuropathic pain

99
Q

painful stimuli also activate a path that goes through the medulla, and then to the thalamus, and then to the
amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and anterior
cingulate cortex

A

emotional pain

100
Q

sense of taste

A

gustatory system

101
Q

sense of smell

A

olfactory system

102
Q

chemicals released by organism for certain functions

A

pheromones

103
Q
  • Its the signal sent by the brain to the body to respond to an external stimuli
A

sensorimotor system

104
Q

synapses between motor neuron axon and muscle fiber

A

neuromuscular junction

105
Q

Receives Information
from the Visual, Auditory and Somatosensory System

A

posterior parietal association cortex

106
Q

Receives info from the Posterior Parietal Association Cortex and sends it to the Primary and Secondary Motor Cortex

A

dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex

107
Q
  • Receives information from the Association Cortex
  • Consist of an area called supplementary motor area and
    pre motor cortex
  • Involves in preprogrammed movement upon instructions
    received from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
A

secondary motor cortex

108
Q
  • The area where many sensory signals converged
  • An area which signals leave the brain going to tell the
    muscles what to do
A

primary motor cortex

109
Q
  • Contains large number of neurons
  • They also receives information prom PMC and SMC, Signals from brainstem and Motor Signals from Somatosensory System
A

cerebellum

110
Q

plays a role in motor learning

A

cerebellum

111
Q

Facilitates movements and Inhibit unwanted movements

A

basal ganglia

112
Q
  • Communication of neurons. Transmission of messages from one neuron to another
  • These messages are carried by neurotransmitters, released by the terminal buttons
A

synaptic transmission

Biopsychology (3 decks)

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