Physiological Psychology

Question 1

a small organ situated on top of the brain stem, buried beneath the cerebral hemispheres

Answer 1

pineal body

Question 2

the issue whether humans and other animals inherit their
behavioral capacities or acquire them through learning

Answer 2

nature vs nurture

Question 3

father of modern philosophy

Answer 3

Rene Descartes

Question 4

founded the theory of evolution

Answer 4

Charles Darwin

Question 5

the principle that the best way to
understand a biological phenomenon (a behavior or a physiological structure) is to try to understand its useful functions for the organism

Answer 5

functionalism

Question 6

the process by which inherited traits that confer a selective advantage (increase an animal’s likelihood to live and reproduce) become more prevalent in a population

Answer 6

natural selection

Question 7

to understand the concept of evolution to behavior, Some researchers explicitly consider the genetic mechanisms of various behaviors and the physiological processes on which these behaviors depend

Answer 7

natural selection and evolution

Question 8

comparing the nervous systems of animals from a variety of species to make hypotheses about the evolution of brain structure and the behavioral capacities that correspond to this evolutionary development

Answer 8

natural selection and evolution

Question 9

father of genetics

Answer 9

Gregor Mendel

Question 10

a double stranded molecule that is composed 4 types of
nucleotides namely Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine;
Deoxyribose sugar and a Phosphate backbone

Answer 10

DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID)

Question 11

nucleotides found in DNA

Answer 11

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

Question 12

a thread like structure inside the nucleus of the cell that is composed of DNA that is being tightly coiled by a protein called Histones

Answer 12

chromosome

Question 13

number of chromosomes in humans

Answer 13

23 chromosomes

Question 14

alteration of the genetic make-up of an organism

Answer 14

mutation

Question 15

types of mutation

Answer 15

• point mutation
• frameshift mutation
• chromosomal aberration

Question 16

when a genetic codes was altered

Answer 16

point mutation

Question 17

a genetic code is deleted or inserted

Answer 17

frameshift mutation

Question 18

there is an alteration in the number or the chromosomal structure

Answer 18

chromosomal aberration

Question 19

a dualist and he believed that the mind controlled the movements of the body, while the body, through its sense organs, supplied the mind with information about what was happening in the environment

Answer 19

Rene Descartes

Question 20

latin word for reflexes which means to bend back

Answer 20

reflectere

Question 21

a theory that states animals were mechanical devices; their behavior was controlled by environmental stimuli and the human body was much the same: It was a machine

Answer 21

Descartes Theory

Question 22

assumed that the world was a purely mechanical entity that, once having been set in motion by God, ran its course without divine interference

Answer 22

Rene Descartes

Question 23

describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did. Within a small, isolated population, a gene can spread by accident through a process called genetic drift

Answer 23

functional

Question 24

reconstructs the evolutionary history of a structure or behavior. The characteristic features of an animal are almost always modifications of something found in ancestral species.

Answer 24

evolutionary

Question 25

describes how a structure or behavior develops, including the influences of genes, nutrition, experiences, and their interactions

Answer 25

ontogenetics

Question 26

explanation relates a behavior to the activity of the brain and other organs

Answer 26

physiological

Question 27

composed of the brain and the spinal chord

Answer 27

central nervous system

Question 28

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral ganglia

Answer 28

peripheral nervous system

Question 29

two divisions of peripheral nervous system

Answer 29

- somatic nervous system - autonomic nervous system 1. sympathetic division 2. parasympathetic division

Question 30

a protective sheaths that covers the brain and the spinal chord

Answer 30

meninges

Question 31

meninges consists of layers namely:

Answer 31

- dura mater - arachnoid membrane - pia mater

Question 32

located in between the Pia mater and Arachnoid membrane

Answer 32

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 33

it fills the gap between Pia mater and Arachnoid membrane (arachnoid trabeculae) that also protects the CNS

Answer 33

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 34

gaps that permit the free flow of substances into and out of the blood

Answer 34

blood-brain barrier

Question 35

is the information-processing and information-transmitting element of the nervous system - these cells are specialized for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals - they come in an incredible variety of shapes and sizes

Answer 35

neurons (nerve cells)

Question 36

major parts of the neurons

Answer 36

- dendrites - cell body (soma or perikaryon) - axon - terminal buttons

Question 37

- from the Greek word “dendron” (Tree) - branched tree-like structure attached to the soma (cell Body)

Answer 37

dendrites

Question 38

main function is to receive information from the terminal buttons of the other neurons

Answer 38

dendrites

Question 39

contains the Nucleus and other cell organelles necessary for important cellular functions

Answer 39

cell body

Question 40

- a long slender tube often contains myelin sheath - it carries information form the cell body to the terminal buttons

Answer 40

axon

Question 41

the message that the axon carries

Answer 41

action potential

Question 42

- located at the very end of the axon - it secrete a chemical called Neurotransmitter

Answer 42

terminal button

Question 43

- holds the nerve cells in place - controls the nutrient supply and some other chemicals the cells need for exchange of information - Insulation - destroys damaged cells.

Answer 43

glial cells/glia

Question 44

types of glial cells

Answer 44

- astrocyte - oligodendrocytes - microglia - schwan cells

Question 45

- known as the largest division of the brain - includes the 2 symmetrical cerebral hemispheres covered by cerebral cortex

Answer 45

telencephalon

Question 46

it initiates voluntary movement, interprets sensory input, and mediates complex cognitive processes such as learning, speaking, and problem solving

Answer 46

telencephalon

Question 47

- surrounds the cerebral hemispheres - it has convulsions called fissure, sulci, gyri

Answer 47

cerebral cortex

Question 48

telencephalon

Answer 48

- primary motor cortex - sensory association cortex

Question 49

- spatial memory - gets associated in Psychological/ Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders

Answer 49

hippocampus

Question 50

located between the Telencephalon and the Mesencephalon

Answer 50

diencephalon

Question 51

diencephalon

Answer 51

- thalamus - hypothalamus

Question 52

mesencephalon

Answer 52

- tectum - tegmentum

Question 53

visual reflexes in mammals

Answer 53

tectum

Question 54

prevents unwanted movements

Answer 54

tegmentum

Question 55

metencephalon

Answer 55

- cerebellum - pons

Question 56

- the little brain - controls balance and movement

Answer 56

cerebellum

Question 57

unconscious movement, sleep-wake cycle and breathing

Answer 57

pons

Question 58

myelencephalon

Answer 58

medulla oblongata

Question 59

- making it a key conduit for nerve signals to and from your body - controls breathing and heartbeat and other autonomic processes.

Answer 59

medulla oblongata

Question 60

- primary function is for motivation and emotion - 2 important parts include the Hippocampus and Amygdala

Answer 60

limbic system

Question 61

plays a major role in learning and memory

Answer 61

hippocampus

Question 62

plays a role in emotions: feelings and expressions of emotions, emotional memories, and recognition of the signs of emotions in other people

Answer 62

amygdala

Question 63

70mV is a charge of a neuron when not disturbed or not conducting an impulse

Answer 63

resting potential

Question 64

resting potential

Answer 64

- the inside of the membrane is negatively charged and the inside is positively charged - sodium ions are more concentrated outside the axon than the inside - potassium Ions are more concentrated on the inside of the axon than in outside

Question 65

- when there is a disturbance or the axon is conducting an impulse - is due to the change in the polarity of the inside of the membrane

Answer 65

action potential

Question 66

action potential

Answer 66

- sodium and potassium ions enters the inside of the membrane making it positively charged. - sodium potassium gates open during action potential allowing those ions to enter inside the membrane making it positively charged

Question 67

the part of the central nervous system that is required for visual perception

Answer 67

visual system

Question 68

- an organ that detects light. Plays a role in detecting visual information - held by an Extraocular Muscles

Answer 68

eye

Question 69

functions as the supporting wall of the eyeball. It helps maintain your eyeball's shape, and protects it from injury and is covered by conjunctiva

Answer 69

sclera

Question 70

clear mucus membranes that lubricate (moisturize) your eye

Answer 70

conjunctiva

Question 71

the transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside

Answer 71

cornea

Question 72

helps regulate the amount of light entering the eye

Answer 72

iris

Question 73

lets light into your eye as the muscles of your iris change its shape

Answer 73

pupil

Question 74

transmit light, focusing it on the retina

Answer 74

lens

Question 75

- the interior lining of the back of the eye - where the receptor cells, the rods and cones are located - Receives light and converts it to neural signals

Answer 75

retina

Question 76

relay messages from your eyes to your brain to create visual images

Answer 76

optic nerves

Question 77

photoreceptors

Answer 77

rods and cones

Question 78

daytime vision

Answer 78

cones

Question 79

provides vision in dimly lighted environment

Answer 79

rods

Question 80

central region of the retina, which mediates our most acute (fine) vision, contains only cones

Answer 80

fovea

Question 81

- area where conveying visual information gather together and leave the eye through the optic nerve - Produced blind spots

Answer 81

optic disk

Question 82

- Proposed by Thomas Young - there are three different kinds of color receptors (cones), each with a different spectral sensitivity. - We see color as a result of the mixture of various quantities of the three colors red, yellow and blue

Answer 82

component theory (trichromatic theory)

Question 83

part of the CNS that is required for Auditory perception (ability to perceive sounds)

Answer 83

auditory system

Question 84

Second most important sense next to Vision

Answer 84

audition

Question 85

Vibration in the air molecules that stimulates the Auditory System

Answer 85

sounds

Question 86

organ for hearing

Answer 86

ear

Question 87

receives and funnel sound waves going towards the ear canal and the ear drums

Answer 87

pinna (external ear)

Question 88

A structure on the middle ear that vibrates with the sound

Answer 88

tympanic membrane

Question 89

ossicles found in the tympanic membrane

Answer 89

- malleus - incus - stapes

Question 90

These are the structure that contains receptors

Answer 90

cochlea

Question 91

- touch and pain - provides information on what’s happening on the surface of the body and inside it - a sensory system that perceives pressure, vibration, heat, cooling, and events that can cause tissue damage -mechanoreceptor`

Answer 91

somatosensory system

Question 92

senses external stimuli that are applied to the skin

Answer 92

exteroceptive system

Question 93

monitors information about the position of the body that comes from receptors in the muscles, joints, and organs of balance

Answer 93

proprioceptive system

Question 94

provides general information about conditions within the body (e.g., temperature and blood pressure)

Answer 94

interoceptive system

Question 95

2 major somatosensory pathways

Answer 95

1. Dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system 2. Anterolateral system

Question 96

Tends to carry information about touch and proprioception

Answer 96

dorsal-column medial lemniscus system

Question 97

Tends to carry information about pain and temperature

Answer 97

anterolateral system

Question 98

It is a severe chronic pain in the absence of a recognizable pain stimulus

Answer 98

neuropathic pain

Question 99

painful stimuli also activate a path that goes through the medulla, and then to the thalamus, and then to the amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex

Answer 99

emotional pain

Question 100

sense of taste

Answer 100

gustatory system

Question 101

sense of smell

Answer 101

olfactory system

Question 102

chemicals released by organism for certain functions

Answer 102

pheromones

Question 103

- Its the signal sent by the brain to the body to respond to an external stimuli

Answer 103

sensorimotor system

Question 104

synapses between motor neuron axon and muscle fiber

Answer 104

neuromuscular junction

Question 105

Receives Information from the Visual, Auditory and Somatosensory System

Answer 105

posterior parietal association cortex

Question 106

Receives info from the Posterior Parietal Association Cortex and sends it to the Primary and Secondary Motor Cortex

Answer 106

dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex

Question 107

- Receives information from the Association Cortex - Consist of an area called supplementary motor area and pre motor cortex - Involves in preprogrammed movement upon instructions received from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Answer 107

secondary motor cortex

Question 108

- The area where many sensory signals converged - An area which signals leave the brain going to tell the muscles what to do

Answer 108

primary motor cortex

Question 109

- Contains large number of neurons - They also receives information prom PMC and SMC, Signals from brainstem and Motor Signals from Somatosensory System

Answer 109

cerebellum

Question 110

plays a role in motor learning

Answer 110

cerebellum

Question 111

Facilitates movements and Inhibit unwanted movements

Answer 111

basal ganglia

Question 112

- Communication of neurons. Transmission of messages from one neuron to another - These messages are carried by neurotransmitters, released by the terminal buttons

Answer 112

synaptic transmission