Hunger and Eating Flashcards
- is the gastrointestinal process of breaking down food and absorbing its constituents into the body
- is the complex process of turning the food you eat into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth and cell repair needed to survive
digestion
this is where digested food are absorbed going to the blood stream
duodenum
reservoir that stores carbohydrates
short-term reservoir
reservoir that stores fats
long-term reservoir
consists of adipose tissue (fat tissue). This reservoir is filled with fats or, more precisely, with triglycerides
long-term reservoir
simple sugar
glucose
stored in liver and muscles
glycogen
hormones secreted by pancreas decreases blood glucose levels
insulin
increases blood glucose levels
glucagon
3 phases of metabolism
- cephalic phase
- absorptive phase
- fasting phase
the preparatory phase; it often begins with the sight, smell, or even just the thought of food, and it ends when the food starts to be absorbed into the bloodstream
cephalic phase
the period during which the energy absorbed into the bloodstream from the meal is meeting the body’s immediate energy needs
absorptive phase
the period during which all of the unstored energy from the previous meal has been used and the body is withdrawing energy from its reserves to meet its immediate energy requirements; it ends with the beginning of the next cephalic phase
fasting phase
what does the cephalic and absorptive phase promotes?
- utilization of blood glucose as a source of energy
- conversion of excess glucose to glycogen and fat
- conversion of amino acids to proteins
- storage of glycogen in liver and muscle, fat in adipose tissue and protein in muscle
what does the cephalic and absorptive phase inhibits?
conversion of glycogen, fat and protein into directly utilizable fuels (glucose, free fatty acids, ketones)
in cephalic phase and absorptive phase, insulin levels are ___ and glucagon levels are ___
insulin levels are high, glucagon levels are low
what does the fasting phase promotes?
- conversion of fats to free fatty acids and the utilization of free fatty acids as a source of energy
- conversion of glycogen to glucose, free fatty acids to ketones, and protein to glucose
what does the fasting phase inhibits?
- utilization of glucose by the body but not by the brain
- conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat, and amino acids to protein
- storage of fat in adipose tissue
hormone that signals the brain that the stomach is empty
ghrelin
Most people attribute hunger to the presence of an energy deficit, and they view eating as the means by which the energy resources of the body are returned to their optimal level—that is, to the energy set point
set point assumption
The idea being that we become hungry when our blood glucose levels drop significantly below their set point and that we become satiated when eating returns our blood glucose levels to their set point
glucostatic theory
Every person has a set point for body fat, and deviations from this set point produce compensatory adjustments in the level of eating that return levels of body fat to their set point
lipostatic theory
That humans and other animals are not normally driven to eat by internal energy deficits but are drawn to eat by the anticipated pleasure of eating
positive incentive theory
Responsible for regulating a variety of physiological processes and behavioral activities such as digestion, sensory perception, sleep, stress induction, reproduction, growth and development
hormones
