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Module - Nursing Practice and Sim I > Physiological Observations > Flashcards

Physiological Observations Flashcards

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1
Q

Specific conditions required by each cell in the body

A

temperature, oxygen, pH, fuel supply,

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

regulation of the internal conditions

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3
Q

Cold environment reaction

A

skin pales (vasoconstriction of vessels), skin hairs stand up (piloerection)

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4
Q

Hot environment reaction

A

skin reddens (vasodilation of vessels), skin hair flatten, sweat more, urine becomes more concentrated, feeling thirsty

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5
Q

Hypothermia

A

body temperature dropping too low

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6
Q

Hyperthermia

A

body temperature rising too high

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7
Q

We lose heat

A 
▪ Evaporation
▪ Conduction (by contact)
▪ Radiation
▪ Convection (air currents)
Elimination (exhaled air, tears, urine, faeces)
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8
Q

We conserve heat by:

A

▪ Adipose tissue
▪ Wearing clothes
Piloerection (skin hair)

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9
Q

Measuring core temperature

A

Only can be done by invasive means (in oesophagus, pulmonary artery, bladder), not practical nor necessary

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10
Q

Estimating core temperature

A

Non-invasive sites (tympanic (ear), oral cavity, axilla, temporal artery (forehead), rectum). Most common is tympanic (ear).

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11
Q

Peripheral temperatures (surface):

A 
▪ Scalp - 35
▪ Axilla - 36.5
▪ Arm - 33.5
▪ Core - 37
▪ Finger 33
▪ Thigh - 33.5
▪ Leg - 30
Foot - 29
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12
Q

Menstrual cycle affect temperature

A

Menstruation - 37 - 36.5

Second half of cycle - ovulation and progesterone release - 37 - 37.5

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13
Q

Skin temperature during activity:

A

Muscle and rectal temperature will rise from 35 to 41

Mean skin temperature will drop from 33 to 29

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14
Q

Systemic infection

A

widespread, fever response occurs, macrophages (defence cells) - travel to hypothalamus and reset body’s thermostat

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15
Q

Systolic pressure

A

peak when blood is pushed out by the heart

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16
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

low - when blood flows between the pumps, is interrupted by a small dip (dicrotic notch)

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17
Q

Blood pressure measure

A

mmHg millimetres of mercury

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18
Q

Dicrotic notch

A

falling pressure is interrupted when semilunar valves close

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19
Q

Systolic BP normal values

A

Adult - 120-140 (ideal 90-120)
10 years and over - age+100
1-10 years - (agex2)+85
Infant - 65-100)

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20
Q

Diastolic BP normal values

A

Adult 80-90 (ideal 60-80)
10 years and over - 65-85
1-10 years - 55-75
Infant - 45-65

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21
Q

Hypertension

A

higher than normal blood pressure

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22
Q

Hypotension

A

lower than normal blood pressure

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23
Q

What affects blood pressure

A

cardiac output and diameter of vessels

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24
Q

Cardiac output

A

amount of blood leaving the heart, cardiac output= HR x SV

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25
Q

Vascular or peripheral resistance

A

diameter of vessels into which blood is pumped

26
Q

Pulse

A

measures heart rate and rhythm in beats per minute (bpm)

27
Q

Weak or absent pulse

A

affects circulation of gases, fluids, nutrients, hormones, heat and waste products, effectively impair cellular homeostasis

28
Q

Temporal artery

A

side of the skull on the temple

29
Q

Facial artery

A

under jaw

30
Q

Common carotid artery

A

on the neck

31
Q

Brachial artery

A

inside of elbow

32
Q

Radial artery

A

on the wrist

33
Q

Femoral artery

A

side of pubic bone

34
Q

Popliteal artery

A

under knee

35
Q

Posterior tibial artery

A

inside of ankle

36
Q

Dorsalis pedis artery

A

top of the foot (middle)

37
Q

Heart rate average ranges (bpm)

A 
Over 12 - 60-115
5-12 years - 65-135 
2-5 years - 80-150
1-2 years - 100-160
Under 1 year - 110-170
38
Q

Tachycardia

A

resting heart rate faster than average

39
Q

Bradycardia

A

heart rate under 60 for children and adults, and under 80 in neonates

40
Q

Upper respiratory system:

A

Nasal cavity
Pharynx - joining mouth tube and nose tube in throat
Esophagus
Larynx (voice box)
Trachea (windpipe) - surrounded by cartilage

41
Q

Oxygen journey

A

inhaled enters lungs and diffuses into pulmonary capillaries. Within blood oxygen bonds to haemoglobin (Hb) within erythrocytes to be transported to tissue cells. Then it is used in cellular respiration to generate energy. Waste produced is heat, CO2 and water. CO2 travels to lungs to be exhaled

42
Q

Normal respiratory values (breaths per minute)

A 
Adults - 12 - 18
Over 12 years - 15-20
5-12 years - 17-23
2-5 years - 20-25 
1-2 years - 25-35
Under 1 year - 30-40
43
Q

Tachypnoea

A

faster than normal respiratory rate

44
Q

Bradypnoea

A

slower than normal respiratory rate

45
Q

Dyspnoea

A

breathing difficult/ breathlessness

46
Q

Orthopnoea

A

difficulty breathing while lying down

47
Q

Apnoea

A

temporary cessation of breathing

48
Q

Pulse oximetry -

A

oxygen saturation of haemoglobin in the arterial blood system (%), Hb changes colour from dark blue to red when O2 binds

49
Q

Normal oxygen saturation

A

94-98%

50
Q

Hypothalamus

A

is a small region of the brain. It’s located at the base of the brain, near the pituitary gland. While it’s very small, the hypothalamus plays a crucial role in many important functions, including: releasing hormones. regulating body temperature.

51
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

regulates certain body processes, such as blood pressure and the rate of breathing. This system works automatically (autonomously), without a person’s conscious effort.

52
Q

vasoconstriction

A

the constriction of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure.

53
Q

Vasodilation

A

the dilatation of blood vessels, which decreases blood pressure.

54
Q

Diurnal

A

during the day/ daily

55
Q

Histamine

A

compound involved in local immune responses, as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter for the brain, spinal cord, and uterus. Histamine is involved in the inflammatory response.

56
Q

Pyrogen

A

a substance, typically produced by a bacterium, which produces fever when introduced or released into the blood.

57
Q

Macrophage

A

is a type of phagocyte, which is a cell responsible for detecting, engulfing and destroying pathogens and apoptotic cells. Macrophages are produced through the differentiation of monocytes, which turn into macrophages when they leave the blood.

58
Q

Semilunar valve

A

each of a pair of valves in the heart, at the bases of the aorta and the pulmonary artery, consisting of three cusps or flaps which prevent the flow of blood back into the heart.

59
Q

Stroke volume

A

In cardiovascular physiology, stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat.

60
Q

haemoglobin

A

a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates. Its molecule comprises four subunits, each containing an iron atom bound to a haem group.

Module - Nursing Practice and Sim I (8 decks)

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