Physiological Basis of Behavior

Question 1

what is the environmental stimuli hypothesis for daily rhythm?

Answer 1

animals rely on feedback information from the environment

Question 2

what is the endogenous clock hypothesis for daily rhythm?

Answer 2

endogenous (internal: within the brain) timing mechanism that directs behavior

Question 3

free running cycle

Answer 3

the circadian rhythm the body follows when external factors are absent

Question 4

retina

Answer 4

detect visuals

Question 5

what happens when the connection of retina and optic lobes are cut?

Answer 5

very similar to the crickets in 24hrs daylight, free running cycle

Question 6

what happens when the connection of optic lobes and rest of the brain is cut?

Answer 6

still calls but no circadian rhythm

Question 7

when connection of optic loves and the rest of the brain is cut, crickets have no circadian rhythm. what does this mean?

Answer 7

internal clock is likely located in the optic lobe (pacemaker)

Question 8

hypothalamus

Answer 8

regulate behavior including circadian rhythm

Question 9

what is the brain region that regulates the internal clock?

Answer 9

suprachiasmatic nucleus - SCN

Question 10

what happens when there lesions on SCN of adult hamster?

Answer 10

eliminate circadian rhythm, disorganized activity

Question 11

what would be a control for brain lesions?

Answer 11

researchers should perform surgeries on all the objects but some with lesion and some without

Question 12

eclosion assay

Answer 12

when insects come out of an egg

Question 13

do Drosphila hatch at specific times and why?

Answer 13

since they have a short lifespan, they hatch at a specific time to prevent wasting time at a less beneficial time

Question 14

EMS mutagenesis

Answer 14

EMS causes random mutation and hope to mutate the gene of interest (circadian rhythm)

Question 15

where is the per protein?

Answer 15

photoreceptors in the eyes and some cells in the optic lobes

Question 16

what gene is for the internal clock?

Answer 16

peroid gene

Question 17

how does per gene function?

Answer 17

per gene expressed -> transcribed -> cytoplasm -> translated -> bind to TIM -> nucleus -> regulate + inhibit period gene -> no per gene present -> cycle repeats

Question 18

what happens to the protein that are no longer produced?

Answer 18

they are degraded

Question 19

how does male stonechats regulate reproduction cycle?

Answer 19

their testis shrink during non-mating seasons

Question 20

long photoperiods

Answer 20

stimulate reproductive development in captive non-breeding birds

Question 21

what happens to the gonadal response when stonechats wear black contact lenses?

Answer 21

do not block gonadal response to long photoperiods

Question 22

what happens to the gonadal response when injecting black ink under the scalp?

Answer 22

blockage in gonadal response to long photoperiods

Question 23

what does the results show when stonechats wear black contacts and inject black ink under the scalp?

Answer 23

light is important but not acting on the eyes, but the reproductive development is directly affecting by the brain

Question 24

GnRH (gonadotrophin hormone relasing hormone)

Answer 24

release sex hormones