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PSYC 306 > Development and Molecular Bases > Flashcards

Development and Molecular Bases Flashcards

Beehavior

1
Q

what does genes code for?

A

genes code for protein, not behavior or traits

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2
Q

what is the role of the honeybee queen?

A

egglaying machines

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3
Q

what is the role of the honeybee workers?

A
  • care of larvae
  • construct honeycomb
  • defend colony
  • collect nectar & pollen (forager)
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4
Q

how does juvenile hormone affect honeybees?

A

young nurses trated with JH -> forager
no JH -> delayed transition to foraging

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5
Q

where is JH produced

A

from corpora allata gland

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6
Q

receptor antagonist

A

blocks receptor

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7
Q

how does ethyl oleate affect honeybees?

A

interactions with foragers via ethly oleate

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8
Q

how is gene expression regulated?

A

DNA methylation and histone acetylation

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9
Q

DNA methylation

A

methylated generally decreases gene expression

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10
Q

histone acetylation

A

acetylated histone increases gene expression

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11
Q

role of miRNA

A
  • mrRNA is a non-coding segment
  • it binds to the mRNA to block translation
  • degradation -> reduced protein expression
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12
Q

is gene expression more affected by role or age?

A

affected by role, independent of age

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13
Q

what is the diet for queen honeybees?

A

royal jelly - thought to contain royalactin that regulates queen development

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14
Q

what does worker larvae eat?

A

jelly enriched with pollen

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15
Q

how does pollen enriched jelly affect the role of honeybees?

A

pollen contains plant produced miRNA -> reduces expression of TOR

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16
Q

what is TOR and how does it relate to honeybees’s role?

A

TOR promotes increased size and ovary development -> being worker instead of queen

17
Q

what is forward genetics research?

A

measure behavior and gene expressions -> association/correlation but NOT causation

18
Q

what is backwards genetics researching?

A

manipulate gene expression -> look for changes in behavior

19
Q

what are the common roles for vasopressin and oxytocin?

A
  • both produced in the hypothalamus
  • influences on emotional, motivational and behaviors (social & sexual)
  • regulation of food intake, body weight, electrolyte balance, body temperature, reproduction, sleep-wake cycle, circadian rhythms, stress response
20
Q

what does vasopressin regulate?

A

controls water balance - production of urine

21
Q

what does oxytocin regulate?

A

contraction of uterus - parturition
contraction of mammillary glands - lactation

22
Q

what is the role of ventral pallidum?

A

reward, motivation and decision making

23
Q

what is the role of lateral septum?

A

emotional regulation and spatial behaviors

24
Q

what are the expression levels in ventral pallidum and lateral septum for male voles?

A

VP: high in monogamous
LS: high in non-monogamous

25
Q

microsatellites

A

sections of repeated sequences

26
Q

are mutations more or less likely to occur in microsatellites?

A

more likely than other dna sequences

27
Q

behavioral polymorphism

A

2+ distinct behavioral phenotypes in a population

28
Q

genetic polymorphism

A

multiple alleles -> dramatic behavior differences in the population

29
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A

irreversible: honeybees workers and queens
reversible: some animal or plants changes their colour or shape according to the environment

30
Q

V1aR promoter

A

present in monogamous prairie voles while promiscuous lack

31
Q

retrosplenial cortex

A

a region used for spatial navigation and memory

32
Q

what are the evolutionary cost and benefits for intra-pair fertilizers?

A

spend more energy protecting their territory and have fewer reproductions

33
Q

how does redundancy in gene networks relate to developmental homeostasis?

A

multiple gene regulating same genetic network -> knockout of one gene won’t lead to major differences

34
Q

developmental constraint hypothesis

A

phenotypic adjustments made to cope with adverse early life conditions can have negative affect future fitness

35
Q

predictive adaptive response hypothesis

A

phenotypic adjustments during development to match conditions later in life can positively affect future fitness
- e.g. hares and lynx

36
Q

GnRH gene

A

social regulation of appearance, behavior, growth & reproduction

37
Q

what is supergene and how does it result in different morphology?

A

recombination occurs -> gene inverted
the whole sequence X recombine and acts as a single unit
-> different morphology

PSYC 306 (4 decks)

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