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PHAR 100 - Module 2 > Physiological and Pharmacological Aspects of CNS - 2.1 > Flashcards

Physiological and Pharmacological Aspects of CNS - 2.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of nervous system

A

Recognize - Identity changes to internal and external environment

Process and Integrate - perceive changes in environment (body feels hot or cold)

React - produce response or action to change (ex. body will sweat or shiver)

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2
Q

Two divisions of nervous system

A

Central nervous system - brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system - nervous system tissues outside CNS

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3
Q

Role of Brain

A
  • receives and processes information
  • initiates response
  • memory storage
  • generates thoughts and emotions
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4
Q

Role of Spinal Cord

A
  • carries sensory info from skin, muscles, joints, and internal organs to brain
  • controls motor outflow to muscles
  • controls sensory input (pain sensation)
  • controls reflex activity (breathing)
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5
Q

Divisions of the brain

A

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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6
Q

Parts of The Forebrain

A
  1. Cerebral cortex (cerebrum)
  2. Thalamus
  3. Hypothalamus
  4. Limbic System
  5. Pituitary
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7
Q

Cerebral cortex (cerebrum) - description and functions

A
  • largest part of brain that is very rich in nerve cells
  • functions include: sensory and motor coordination, mental processes, intelligence, memory, vision, judgement, thought, speech, emotions, and consciousness
  • drugs can stimulate (excite) or depress (inhibit)
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8
Q

Thalamus - description and functions

A
  • relay centre from which impulses are transmitted to cerebrum
  • function is to coordinate and filter incoming signals
  • involved in appreciation of painful sensation
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9
Q

Hypothalamus - description and functions

A
  • consists of various specialized regions located near the base of skull
  • functions include: control involuntary functions of body necessary for living (metabolism), controls feeding, drinking, sexual, and emotional responses
  • contains neutrons that produce substances (releasing factors) that travel to pituitary and modify the gland
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10
Q

Limbic System - description and functions

A
  • associated with hypothalamus
  • integrates emotion, memory, and reward
  • controls emotion and behaviour alongside hypothalamus
  • contains dopaminergic reward centres (targets for drugs)
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11
Q

Pituitary

A
  • small gland at the base of brain
  • secretes hormones that travel to and act on peripheral tissues
  • control of growth, behaviour, and metabolism
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12
Q

The Midbrain

A
  • links forebrain to hindbrain

Relay centre for visual and auditory stimuli/signals

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13
Q

The Hindbrain

A

Pons, Medulla (the bulb), Cerebellum

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14
Q

Pons

A
  • connects midbrain to medulla and cerebellum

- conduct signals from cerebral cortex to medulla and cerebellum

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15
Q

Medulla

A
  • origin of many cranial nerves

- regulation of respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, and involuntary activity occurs here

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16
Q

What affect do drugs have on the Medulla?

A

Drugs depress the medulla and in turn depress respiration and blood pressure

17
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • coordination and posture
  • doesn’t initiate movement
  • organizer of voluntary activity
18
Q

What affect do drugs have on the cerebellum?

A

Causes ataxia (loss of coordination)

19
Q

Description of The Neuron

A
  • functional unit of brain
  • generates and transmits electrical signals
  • about 90 billion neurons in brain that differ in size and shape
  • generated continuously
  • connection between neurons constantly reshaped (neuroplasticity)
20
Q

Structure of The Neuron

A
  1. Cell Body (Soma)
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axon
21
Q

Cell Body (soma)

A
  • largest part of neuron

- contains nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm which contains abundant vesicles

22
Q

Dendrites

A
  • usually short
  • highly complex branching patterns
  • function as receiving antennae for incoming info and accept info through receptors located on dendritic membranes
  • send electric current down neuron when info is received from another cell
23
Q

Axon

A
  • single fibre extending from cell body to synapse

- carries incoming info away from dendrites and cell body through electrical pulses to subsequent neurons

24
Q

What is Synaptic Transmission?

A
  • passage of electrical signal from one neuron to another
  • very rapid and chemical process
  • requires release of a substance to activate the other neuron
25
Q

What is the Synapse?

A
  • The junction between 2 neurons (neuron axon - neuron dendrite) where electrical impulses are passed through.
26
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

endogenous chemicals that transmit signals between 2 neurons

27
Q

What is Glutamate?

A
  • primary excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS found in almost all neurons
  • acts on glutamatergic receptors
  • glutamatergic neurons important for learning
28
Q

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A
  • primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS
  • GABAergic neurons and receptors found in high concentrations in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum
  • CNS depressants enhance GABA receptor function
29
Q

Where are GABAergic neurons and receptors in high concentrations?

A
  1. Cerebral cortex
  2. Hippocampus
  3. Cerebellum
30
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • produces excitatory response in CNS

- cholinergic receptors; nicotinic, muscarinic , bind acetylcholine

31
Q

Nicotinic receptors

A
  • found in certain regions of brain

- stimulated by acetylcholine or nicotine

32
Q

Muscarinic receptors

A
  • found in many region of brain
  • involved in learning, memory, cognitive function
  • stimulated by acetylcholine or muscarine
  • drugs blocking acetylcholine at this receptor will produce amnesia
33
Q

Dopamine (catecholamine)

A
  • dopaminergic pathways involved in control of hormonal systems, motor coordination, motivation, reward.
34
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • binds to large # of receptor types (mainly alpha and beta)
  • activation leads to excitation of cell
  • pathway targeted by some CNS stimulants
35
Q

Serotonin

A
  • hyperactivity of serotonergic system –> anxiety
  • hypoactivity of serotonergic system –> depression
  • CNS stimulants increase serotonin at the synapse
36
Q

Main Classes of Opioid peptides

A
  1. enkephalins
  2. endorphins
  3. dynorphins
37
Q

Opioid Receptors

A
  1. Mu
  2. Delta
  3. Kappa

PHAR 100 - Module 2 (4 decks)

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