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Praxis Exam > Physiological and Acoustic Phonetics > Flashcards

Physiological and Acoustic Phonetics Flashcards

1
Q

Language

A

A code or system of symbols used to express concepts formed through exposure and experience

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2
Q

Speech

A

the production of language

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3
Q

Phonology

A

the scientific study of the sound systems and patterns used to create the sounds and words of a language

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4
Q

Phonemes

A

the smallest units of sound that can affect meaning

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5
Q

Allophones

A

variations of phonemes that do not impact meaning

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6
Q

Phonemic

A

the abstract system of sounds

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7
Q

Phonetic

A
  • concrete productions of specific sounds

- acoustic, auditory, articulatory, applied, experimental, and descriptive phonetics

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8
Q

Acoustic phonetics

A
  • examines the relationship between articulation and the acoustic signal of speech
  • studies the acoustic properties of sound waves
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9
Q

Auditory phonetics

A

the study of hearing, perception, and the brain’s processing of speech

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10
Q

Articulatory phonetics

A
  • the study of speech sound production

- how the physiological movements of the articulators produce individual sounds

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11
Q

Applied phonetics

A

study of the practical application of research in articulatory, perceptual, acoustic, and experimental phonetics

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12
Q

Experimental phonetics

A

involves the use of objective laboratory and experimental techniques to scientifically analyze speech sounds

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13
Q

Descriptive phonetics

A

the study and explanation of the unique sound properties of various dialects and languages

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14
Q

Respiration

A

inhalation and exhalation are necessary components of breathing for speech

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15
Q

Phonation

A
  • created by VF vibration

- necessary for all voiced sounds

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16
Q

Resonation

A

the medication of sound by structures or cavities through which sounds pass

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17
Q

Articulation

A

the production of speech sounds

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18
Q

Syllable

A
  • smallest phonetic unit
  • composed of onset, nucleus, and coda
  • rhyme is the nucleus and coda together
  • can be open or closed
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19
Q

Consonants

A

speech sounds produced by articulatory movements that modify the airstream in some manner by interrupting it, stopping it, or creating a narrow opening through which it must pass

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20
Q

Vowels

A
  • produced with an open vocal tract
  • resonance patterns are shaped by the vocal tract
  • all vowels are voiced
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21
Q

Place of articulation

A
  • location of the sound’s production within the speech sound mechanism
  • indicating the primary articulators that shape the sound
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22
Q

Voicing

A

VF vibration during production of sounds

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23
Q

Manner of articulation

A

degree or type of constriction of the vocal tract during consonant production

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24
Q

Short vowels

A

pit, pet, pat, putt, put

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25
Q

Long vowels

A

key, coo, cur, core, car

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26
Q

F1

A
  • tongue height

- decreases as tongue height increases, so the higher the tongue’s position in the mouth, the lower the F1

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27
Q

F2

A
  • front/back movement of the tongue
  • changes according to the anterior/posterior movement of the tongue
  • the further back the tongue, the lower the F2
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28
Q

/i/

A
  • front

- high

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29
Q

/ɪ/

A
  • front

- high

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30
Q

/e/

A
  • front

- mid

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31
Q

/ɛ/

A
  • front

- mid

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32
Q

/æ/

A
  • front

- low

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33
Q

/ə/

A
  • central

- mid

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34
Q

/ʌ/

A
  • central

- mid

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35
Q

/ɚ/

A
  • central

- mid

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36
Q

/ɝ/

A
  • central

- mid

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37
Q

/u/

A
  • back

- high

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38
Q

/ʊ/

A
  • back

- high

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39
Q

/o/

A
  • back

- mid

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40
Q

/ɔ/

A
  • back

- mid

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41
Q

/a/

A
  • back

- low

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42
Q

/p/

A

voiceless, bilabial, stop

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43
Q

/b/

A

voiced, bilabial, stop

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44
Q

/m/

A

voiced, bilabial, nasal

45
Q

/w/

A

voiced, bilabial, glide

46
Q

/f/

A

voiceless, labiodental, fricative

47
Q

/v/

A

voiced, labiodental, fricative

48
Q

/θ/

A

voiceless, dental, fricative

49
Q

/ð/

A

voiced, dental, fricative

50
Q

/t/

A

voiceless, alveolar, stop

51
Q

/d/

A

voiced, alveolar, stop

52
Q

/s/

A

voiceless, alveolar, fricative

53
Q

/z/

A

voiced, alveolar, fricative

54
Q

/n/

A

voiced, alveolar, nasal

55
Q

/l/

A

voiced, alveolar, lateral

56
Q

/ʃ/

A

voiceless, postalveolar, fricative

57
Q

/ʒ/

A

voiced, postalveolar, fricative

58
Q

/tʃ/

A

voiceless, postalveolar, affricate

59
Q

/dʒ/

A

voiced, postalveolar, affricate

60
Q

/r/

A

voiced, postalveolar, rrhotic

61
Q

/j/

A

voiced, palatal, glide

62
Q

/k/

A

voiceless, velar, stop

63
Q

/g/

A

voiced, velar, stop

64
Q

/ŋ/

A

voiced, velar, nasal

65
Q

/ʔ/

A

voiceless, glottal, stop

66
Q

/h/

A

voiceless, glottal, fricative

67
Q

citation form

A

sounds produced deliberately in isolation

68
Q

speech contexts

A
  • words, phrases, and sentences

- sounds produced in context may differ from production in isolation

69
Q

phonetic context

A

the surrounding speech sounds influencing the target word

70
Q

coarticulation

A

the change a sound goes through in connected speech

71
Q

assimilation

A

causes a sound to change to a different sound

72
Q

suprasegmentals

A
  • features of prosody
  • add meaning, variety, and color to running speech
  • involve lager units than individual units, or segmentals (syllables, words, phrases, and sentences)
  • several variables can impact suprasegmentals
  • features including length, stress, rate, pitch, volume, and juncture
73
Q

length

A
  • related to syllable perception and production

- syllables with longer vowels tend to have shorter consonants, and vice versa

74
Q

stress

A
  • can change the meaning of words
  • primary and secondary/weak stress
  • stressed syllables are loud, long, higher in pitch, and require greater muscular effort
  • unstressed syllables are soft, shorter, lower in pitch and require less muscular effort
75
Q

rate

A
  • speed of speech
  • measure of the number of words/syllables produced per unit of time
  • increased rate of speech tends to have reduced duration of vowels/consonants produced with less articulatory effort
76
Q

pitch

A
  • the auditory sensation/perception of the frequency with which the VFs vibrate
  • determined by mass, tension, and elasticity of the VFs
  • can be used to indicate different meanings of spoken units
77
Q

intensity

A
  • sound pressure
  • the sensory correlate of intensity is loudness
  • the sensation/perception of loudness is amplitude
78
Q

juncture

A
  • vocal punctuation

- a combination of suprasegmentals that indicate special distinctions or grammatical divisions in speech

79
Q

acoustic

A

the study of the physical properties of sound and how sound is generated and propagated

80
Q

psychoacoustics

A

the study of how humans respond to sound as a physical phenomenon

81
Q

sound

A

the result of a vibration or disturbance in the molecules of a medium

82
Q

sound waves

A

movements of particles in a medium containing expansions and contractions of molecules

83
Q

compression/condensation

A

a phase of sound in which the vibratory movements of an object increase the density of air molecules because the molecules are compressed/condensed

84
Q

rarefaction

A

the thinning of air molecules when the vibrating object returns to equilibrium

85
Q

simple harmonic motion

A
  • sine wave

- the back and forth movement of particles when the movement is symmetrical and periodic

86
Q

sinusoidal motion/wave

A
  • a wave with horizontal and vertical symmetry because it contains one peak/crest and one valley/trough
  • contains a single frequency and is the result of simple harmonic motion
87
Q

aperiodic waves

A
  • those that do not repeat themselves at regular intervals

- vibratory patterns are random and difficult to predict from one-time interval to the next

88
Q

periodic waves

A
  • sound waves that repeat themselves at regular intervals and are predictable
  • whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency
89
Q

amplitude

A
  • the magnitude and direction of displacement
  • strength or magnitude of a sound signal
  • the greater the amplitude, the louder the signal
90
Q

intensity

A
  • the quality of sound that creates the sensation of loudness
  • the amount of energy transmitted per second over an area of 1 square meter
  • measured in terms of watts per square meter
  • expressed in dBs
91
Q

Bel

A
  • logarithmic unit of measure of sound intensity

- dB is a measure of sound intensity that equals 1/10 of a bel

92
Q

displacement

A
  • change in position

- air molecules are displaced due to vibratory action of an object

93
Q

oscillation

A

the back and forth movement of air molecules because of a vibrating object

94
Q

force

A

produces acceleration of a body in the direction of its application

95
Q

elasticity

A

allows matter to recover its form and volume when subject to distortion

96
Q

velocity

A
  • change in position

- measured in terms of distance an object moves per the time and direction it takes as it moves

97
Q

frequency

A
  • the rate of vibratory motion that is measured in terms of the number of cycles completed per second
  • Hertz (cycles per second)
98
Q

natural frequency

A

the frequency with which a source of sound normally vibrates, determined by the source’s mass and stiffness

99
Q

formant frequency

A
  • frequency region with concentrated acoustic energy

- center frequency of a formant

100
Q

fundamental frequency

A
  • the lowest frequency of a periodic wave

- the first harmonic

101
Q

octave

A
  • an indication of the interval between two frequencies
  • always maintain a ratio of 1:2
  • each octave doubles in frequency
102
Q

impedance

A

acoustic, mechanical, or electrical resistance to motion of sound transmission

103
Q

pressure

A
  • the amount of force per unit area

- measured in terms of decibels at a certain sound pressure level (dB SPL)

104
Q

reflection

A

the phenomenon of sound waves traveling back after hitting an obstacle, with no change in the speed of propagation

105
Q

refraction

A
  • the bending of the sound wave due to change in its speed of propagation
  • happens when sound waves change mediums
106
Q

transmitting medium

A
  • any matter that carries or transmits sound

- the mass and elasticity of a transmitting medium affects sound

107
Q

spectogram

A
  • a sound in a three-dimensional display of time, intensity, and frequency
  • frequency plotted on the vertical axis (increasing from top to bottom)
  • intensity represented on the gray scale/blackness
  • time appearing on the horizontal axis
108
Q

voice onset time

A

the time between the release of the stop consonant and the beginning of the vowel

Praxis Exam (3 decks)

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