Physiological and Acoustic Phonetics Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
Language
A
A code or system of symbols used to express concepts formed through exposure and experience
2
Q
Speech
A
the production of language
3
Q
Phonology
A
the scientific study of the sound systems and patterns used to create the sounds and words of a language
4
Q
Phonemes
A
the smallest units of sound that can affect meaning
5
Q
Allophones
A
variations of phonemes that do not impact meaning
6
Q
Phonemic
A
the abstract system of sounds
7
Q
Phonetic
A
- concrete productions of specific sounds
- acoustic, auditory, articulatory, applied, experimental, and descriptive phonetics
8
Q
Acoustic phonetics
A
- examines the relationship between articulation and the acoustic signal of speech
- studies the acoustic properties of sound waves
9
Q
Auditory phonetics
A
the study of hearing, perception, and the brain’s processing of speech
10
Q
Articulatory phonetics
A
- the study of speech sound production
- how the physiological movements of the articulators produce individual sounds
11
Q
Applied phonetics
A
study of the practical application of research in articulatory, perceptual, acoustic, and experimental phonetics
12
Q
Experimental phonetics
A
involves the use of objective laboratory and experimental techniques to scientifically analyze speech sounds
13
Q
Descriptive phonetics
A
the study and explanation of the unique sound properties of various dialects and languages
14
Q
Respiration
A
inhalation and exhalation are necessary components of breathing for speech
15
Q
Phonation
A
- created by VF vibration
- necessary for all voiced sounds
16
Q
Resonation
A
the medication of sound by structures or cavities through which sounds pass
17
Q
Articulation
A
the production of speech sounds
18
Q
Syllable
A
- smallest phonetic unit
- composed of onset, nucleus, and coda
- rhyme is the nucleus and coda together
- can be open or closed
19
Q
Consonants
A
speech sounds produced by articulatory movements that modify the airstream in some manner by interrupting it, stopping it, or creating a narrow opening through which it must pass
20
Q
Vowels
A
- produced with an open vocal tract
- resonance patterns are shaped by the vocal tract
- all vowels are voiced
21
Q
Place of articulation
A
- location of the sound’s production within the speech sound mechanism
- indicating the primary articulators that shape the sound
22
Q
Voicing
A
VF vibration during production of sounds
23
Q
Manner of articulation
A
degree or type of constriction of the vocal tract during consonant production
24
Q
Short vowels
A
pit, pet, pat, putt, put
25
Long vowels
key, coo, cur, core, car
26
F1
- tongue height
| - decreases as tongue height increases, so the higher the tongue's position in the mouth, the lower the F1
27
F2
- front/back movement of the tongue
- changes according to the anterior/posterior movement of the tongue
- the further back the tongue, the lower the F2
28
/i/
- front
| - high
29
/ɪ/
- front
| - high
30
/e/
- front
| - mid
31
/ɛ/
- front
| - mid
32
/æ/
- front
| - low
33
/ə/
- central
| - mid
34
/ʌ/
- central
| - mid
35
/ɚ/
- central
| - mid
36
/ɝ/
- central
| - mid
37
/u/
- back
| - high
38
/ʊ/
- back
| - high
39
/o/
- back
| - mid
40
/ɔ/
- back
| - mid
41
/a/
- back
| - low
42
/p/
voiceless, bilabial, stop
43
/b/
voiced, bilabial, stop
44
/m/
voiced, bilabial, nasal
45
/w/
voiced, bilabial, glide
46
/f/
voiceless, labiodental, fricative
47
/v/
voiced, labiodental, fricative
48
/θ/
voiceless, dental, fricative
49
/ð/
voiced, dental, fricative
50
/t/
voiceless, alveolar, stop
51
/d/
voiced, alveolar, stop
52
/s/
voiceless, alveolar, fricative
53
/z/
voiced, alveolar, fricative
54
/n/
voiced, alveolar, nasal
55
/l/
voiced, alveolar, lateral
56
/ʃ/
voiceless, postalveolar, fricative
57
/ʒ/
voiced, postalveolar, fricative
58
/tʃ/
voiceless, postalveolar, affricate
59
/dʒ/
voiced, postalveolar, affricate
60
/r/
voiced, postalveolar, rrhotic
61
/j/
voiced, palatal, glide
62
/k/
voiceless, velar, stop
63
/g/
voiced, velar, stop
64
/ŋ/
voiced, velar, nasal
65
/ʔ/
voiceless, glottal, stop
66
/h/
voiceless, glottal, fricative
67
citation form
sounds produced deliberately in isolation
68
speech contexts
- words, phrases, and sentences
| - sounds produced in context may differ from production in isolation
69
phonetic context
the surrounding speech sounds influencing the target word
70
coarticulation
the change a sound goes through in connected speech
71
assimilation
causes a sound to change to a different sound
72
suprasegmentals
- features of prosody
- add meaning, variety, and color to running speech
- involve lager units than individual units, or segmentals (syllables, words, phrases, and sentences)
- several variables can impact suprasegmentals
- features including length, stress, rate, pitch, volume, and juncture
73
length
- related to syllable perception and production
| - syllables with longer vowels tend to have shorter consonants, and vice versa
74
stress
- can change the meaning of words
- primary and secondary/weak stress
- stressed syllables are loud, long, higher in pitch, and require greater muscular effort
- unstressed syllables are soft, shorter, lower in pitch and require less muscular effort
75
rate
- speed of speech
- measure of the number of words/syllables produced per unit of time
- increased rate of speech tends to have reduced duration of vowels/consonants produced with less articulatory effort
76
pitch
- the auditory sensation/perception of the frequency with which the VFs vibrate
- determined by mass, tension, and elasticity of the VFs
- can be used to indicate different meanings of spoken units
77
intensity
- sound pressure
- the sensory correlate of intensity is loudness
- the sensation/perception of loudness is amplitude
78
juncture
- vocal punctuation
| - a combination of suprasegmentals that indicate special distinctions or grammatical divisions in speech
79
acoustic
the study of the physical properties of sound and how sound is generated and propagated
80
psychoacoustics
the study of how humans respond to sound as a physical phenomenon
81
sound
the result of a vibration or disturbance in the molecules of a medium
82
sound waves
movements of particles in a medium containing expansions and contractions of molecules
83
compression/condensation
a phase of sound in which the vibratory movements of an object increase the density of air molecules because the molecules are compressed/condensed
84
rarefaction
the thinning of air molecules when the vibrating object returns to equilibrium
85
simple harmonic motion
- sine wave
| - the back and forth movement of particles when the movement is symmetrical and periodic
86
sinusoidal motion/wave
- a wave with horizontal and vertical symmetry because it contains one peak/crest and one valley/trough
- contains a single frequency and is the result of simple harmonic motion
87
aperiodic waves
- those that do not repeat themselves at regular intervals
| - vibratory patterns are random and difficult to predict from one-time interval to the next
88
periodic waves
- sound waves that repeat themselves at regular intervals and are predictable
- whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency
89
amplitude
- the magnitude and direction of displacement
- strength or magnitude of a sound signal
- the greater the amplitude, the louder the signal
90
intensity
- the quality of sound that creates the sensation of loudness
- the amount of energy transmitted per second over an area of 1 square meter
- measured in terms of watts per square meter
- expressed in dBs
91
Bel
- logarithmic unit of measure of sound intensity
| - dB is a measure of sound intensity that equals 1/10 of a bel
92
displacement
- change in position
| - air molecules are displaced due to vibratory action of an object
93
oscillation
the back and forth movement of air molecules because of a vibrating object
94
force
produces acceleration of a body in the direction of its application
95
elasticity
allows matter to recover its form and volume when subject to distortion
96
velocity
- change in position
| - measured in terms of distance an object moves per the time and direction it takes as it moves
97
frequency
- the rate of vibratory motion that is measured in terms of the number of cycles completed per second
- Hertz (cycles per second)
98
natural frequency
the frequency with which a source of sound normally vibrates, determined by the source's mass and stiffness
99
formant frequency
- frequency region with concentrated acoustic energy
| - center frequency of a formant
100
fundamental frequency
- the lowest frequency of a periodic wave
| - the first harmonic
101
octave
- an indication of the interval between two frequencies
- always maintain a ratio of 1:2
- each octave doubles in frequency
102
impedance
acoustic, mechanical, or electrical resistance to motion of sound transmission
103
pressure
- the amount of force per unit area
| - measured in terms of decibels at a certain sound pressure level (dB SPL)
104
reflection
the phenomenon of sound waves traveling back after hitting an obstacle, with no change in the speed of propagation
105
refraction
- the bending of the sound wave due to change in its speed of propagation
- happens when sound waves change mediums
106
transmitting medium
- any matter that carries or transmits sound
| - the mass and elasticity of a transmitting medium affects sound
107
spectogram
- a sound in a three-dimensional display of time, intensity, and frequency
- frequency plotted on the vertical axis (increasing from top to bottom)
- intensity represented on the gray scale/blackness
- time appearing on the horizontal axis
108
voice onset time
the time between the release of the stop consonant and the beginning of the vowel
