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Praxis Exam > Language Development in Children > Flashcards

Language Development in Children Flashcards

1
Q

language

A
  • behaviorally defined as a form of social behavior that is shaped and maintained by a verbal community
  • linguistically defined as a code/system of symbols that represent concepts formed through exposure and experience
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2
Q

morphology

A
  • the study of word structure

- describes how words are formed out of more basic elements of language, called morphemes

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3
Q

morpheme

A
  • the smallest meaningful unit of language

- there are three types: free morphemes, bound morphemes, and allomorphs

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4
Q

free morphemes

A

words that have meaning and cannot be broken down into smaller parts

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5
Q

bound morphemes

A

cannot contain meaning by themselves and must be found to a free morpheme to have meaning

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6
Q

allomorphs

A

variations of morphemes that do not alter the original meaning of the morpheme

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7
Q

syntax

A
  • the study of sentence structure
  • examines the arrangement of words to form meaningful sentences
  • the word order and overall structure of a sentence
  • collection of rules that specify the ways and order in which words may be combined to form sentences in a particular language
  • English basic syntactic structure (subject + verb + object)
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8
Q

sentences

A
  • passive sentences
  • active sentences
  • interrogatives
  • declaratives
  • imperatives
  • exclamatory
  • compound sentences
  • complex sentences
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9
Q

passive sentence

A
  • the subject receives the action of the verb

- The cat was pet by Mark

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10
Q

active sentence

A
  • the subject performs the actions of the verb

- Mark pet the cat

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11
Q

interrogative

A

Did you see that gorgeous sentence?

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12
Q

declarative

A

That sunset was gorgeous.

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13
Q

imperative

A

Shut the door.

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14
Q

exclamatory

A

I never said that!

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15
Q

compound

A

contains 2+ independent clauses joined by a comma and a conjunction or by a semicolon

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16
Q

complex

A

contains one independent clause and 1+ dependent clause

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17
Q

semantics

A
  • meaning of language

- a person’s vocabulary and lexicon

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18
Q

semantic categories

A
  • used to sort words

- recurrence, rejection, causality, etc.

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19
Q

overextension

A

often occurs during early stages of language development in which the child categorizes items too generally

20
Q

underextension

A

child categorizes items too specifically

21
Q

world knowledge

A

involves a person’s autobiographical and experiential memory and understanding of particular events

22
Q

word knowledge

A
  • primarily verbal and contains word and symbol definitions

- usually dependent on child’s world knowledge

23
Q

pragmatics

A
  • study of rules that govern the use of language in social situations
  • places greater emphasis on functions/uses of language than on structure
  • functions of language include labeling, protesting, and commenting
  • functions of utterances include providing the listeners with adequate information without redundancy, making a sequence of statements coherent and logical, taking turns with other speakers, maintaining a topic and repairing communication breakdowns
  • language context involves where the utterance takes place, to whom the utterance is directed and what/who are present at the time
  • can be heavily influenced by culture
24
Q

cohesion

A

the ability to order and organize utterances in a message so that they build logically on one another

25
Q

direct speech

A

a directly formed command/question

26
Q

indirect speech

A

requests formed indirectly to convey politeness

27
Q

discourse

A
  • how utterances are related to one another

- related to the connected flow of language

28
Q

narratives

A

a form of discourse in which the speaker tells a story

29
Q

motherese

A
  • speech that helps babies attend to what they are hearing
  • initially produced with a higher pitch, greater pitch fluctuations, slower rate of speech, and increased clarity/fluency
30
Q

important language interactions/skills

A
  • eye contact
  • turn-taking
  • motivation to communicate
  • high quality interactions
31
Q

LD birth - 3 months

A
  • displays startle response to loud sound
  • visually tracks/moves eyes to source of sound
  • attends to and turns head toward voice/sound source
  • smiles reflexively
  • cries for assistance
  • quiets when picked up
  • ceases activity/coos back when person talks (by 2 months)
  • vocalizes predominantly vowels
32
Q

LD 4-6 months

A
  • responds by raising arms when mother says “come here” and reaches toward child (by 6 months)
  • moves/looks toward family members when they are named
  • explores the vocal mechanism through vocal play with growling, squealing, yelling, make raspberries, etc.
  • begins to produce adult-like vowels
  • begins marginal babbling
  • produces double syllables
  • puts lips together for /m/
  • varies pitch of vocalizations
  • responds to own name by 5 months
  • vocalizes pleasure and displeasure
  • varies volume, pitch, and rate of vocalizations
33
Q

LD 7-9 months

A
  • looks at common objects when the objects’ names are spoken
  • comprehends “no”
  • begins to use some gestural language
  • pat-a-cake and peek-a-boo
  • shakes head for “no”
  • uses a wide variety of sound combinations
  • uses inflected vocal play and intonation patterns
  • imitates intonation and speech sounds of others by 9 months
  • uses variegated babbling by 9 months
  • uncovers hidden toy (beginning of object permanence)
34
Q

LD 10-12 months

A
  • understands up to 10 words
  • understands simple one-step directions, especially when accompanied by a gesture
  • begins to relate symbol and object
  • uses first true word
  • gives object upon request
  • obeys some commands
  • understands and follows simple directions regarding body action’-looks in correct place for hidden toys
  • turns head instantly to own name
  • gestures/vocalizes to indicate wants/needs
  • jabbers loudly
  • uses variety of sounds and intonations
  • varies pitch when vocalizing
  • uses all consonant and vowel sounds in vocal play
35
Q

Pragmatics stages

A
  • perlocutionary behavior
  • illocutionary behavior
  • locutionary stage
  • joint reference
36
Q

perlocutionary behavior

A

signals have an effect on the listener, but lack of communication intent

37
Q

illocutionary behavior

A
  • 9-10 months
  • signaling is used to carry out some socially organized action (pointing and laughing)
  • intentional communication
38
Q

locutionary stage

A
  • 12 months

- begin to use words

39
Q

joint reference

A
  • ability to focus attention on an event or objects as directed by another person
  • begins with eye contact, and then develops to pointing or naming objects that both the child and caregiver can focus on
40
Q

syntax 12-18 months

A
  • 1 word sentences
  • single-word phrase
  • avg. MLU is 1.0-2.0
  • children use sentence-like words and communicate relationships by using one word plus vocal and body cues and can serve several basic functions
  • 50 words by 18 months
41
Q

syntax 18-24 months

A
  • begin to put two words together
  • 3-4 word responses by age 2
  • use “and” to form a conjoined sentence
  • 51% of utterances consist of nouns
42
Q

semantics 1-2 years

A
  • shows understanding of some words and simple commands
  • understands around 200 words by 18 months
  • uses nominals and verbs frequently in reference to things of greatest importance in the child’s environment
  • uses semantic relations
  • uses overextensions
  • answers “what’s this?” questions
  • responds to yes/no Qs by nodding or shaking head
  • follows one step commands or simple directions accompanied by gestures
  • follows directions using 1-2 spatial concepts
  • points to 1-5 body parts on command
  • points to recognized objects
  • listens to simple stories by 19-24 months
  • asks for more
  • refers to self with pronoun and name by 19-24 months
  • verbalizes immediate experiences
  • begins to use some verbs and adjectives
43
Q

relations expressed by single word utterances

A
  • attribution
  • actions
  • locative action
  • existence
  • nonexistance
  • denial
  • rejection
  • recurrence
  • possession
44
Q

semantic relations expressed by two-word utterances

A
  • notice
  • nomination
  • instrumental
  • conjunction
  • recurrence
  • action-object
  • action-indirect object
  • agent-action
  • agent-object
  • possessor-possession
  • attribute-entity
  • entity + locative
  • action + locative
45
Q

pragmatics 1-2 years

A
  • child uses verbal and nonverbal communication to control the behavior of others, satisfy needs and wants, interact with others, express emotions or interest, imagine, inform and explore and categorize
  • presuppositions emerge (expressions that have shared meaning)
  • understand some rules of dialogue and act as speaker and listener

Praxis Exam (3 decks)

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