Language Development in Children Flashcards
(45 cards)
1
Q
language
A
- behaviorally defined as a form of social behavior that is shaped and maintained by a verbal community
- linguistically defined as a code/system of symbols that represent concepts formed through exposure and experience
2
Q
morphology
A
- the study of word structure
- describes how words are formed out of more basic elements of language, called morphemes
3
Q
morpheme
A
- the smallest meaningful unit of language
- there are three types: free morphemes, bound morphemes, and allomorphs
4
Q
free morphemes
A
words that have meaning and cannot be broken down into smaller parts
5
Q
bound morphemes
A
cannot contain meaning by themselves and must be found to a free morpheme to have meaning
6
Q
allomorphs
A
variations of morphemes that do not alter the original meaning of the morpheme
7
Q
syntax
A
- the study of sentence structure
- examines the arrangement of words to form meaningful sentences
- the word order and overall structure of a sentence
- collection of rules that specify the ways and order in which words may be combined to form sentences in a particular language
- English basic syntactic structure (subject + verb + object)
8
Q
sentences
A
- passive sentences
- active sentences
- interrogatives
- declaratives
- imperatives
- exclamatory
- compound sentences
- complex sentences
9
Q
passive sentence
A
- the subject receives the action of the verb
- The cat was pet by Mark
10
Q
active sentence
A
- the subject performs the actions of the verb
- Mark pet the cat
11
Q
interrogative
A
Did you see that gorgeous sentence?
12
Q
declarative
A
That sunset was gorgeous.
13
Q
imperative
A
Shut the door.
14
Q
exclamatory
A
I never said that!
15
Q
compound
A
contains 2+ independent clauses joined by a comma and a conjunction or by a semicolon
16
Q
complex
A
contains one independent clause and 1+ dependent clause
17
Q
semantics
A
- meaning of language
- a person’s vocabulary and lexicon
18
Q
semantic categories
A
- used to sort words
- recurrence, rejection, causality, etc.
19
Q
overextension
A
often occurs during early stages of language development in which the child categorizes items too generally
20
Q
underextension
A
child categorizes items too specifically
21
Q
world knowledge
A
involves a person’s autobiographical and experiential memory and understanding of particular events
22
Q
word knowledge
A
- primarily verbal and contains word and symbol definitions
- usually dependent on child’s world knowledge
23
Q
pragmatics
A
- study of rules that govern the use of language in social situations
- places greater emphasis on functions/uses of language than on structure
- functions of language include labeling, protesting, and commenting
- functions of utterances include providing the listeners with adequate information without redundancy, making a sequence of statements coherent and logical, taking turns with other speakers, maintaining a topic and repairing communication breakdowns
- language context involves where the utterance takes place, to whom the utterance is directed and what/who are present at the time
- can be heavily influenced by culture
24
Q
cohesion
A
the ability to order and organize utterances in a message so that they build logically on one another
25
direct speech
a directly formed command/question
26
indirect speech
requests formed indirectly to convey politeness
27
discourse
- how utterances are related to one another
| - related to the connected flow of language
28
narratives
a form of discourse in which the speaker tells a story
29
motherese
- speech that helps babies attend to what they are hearing
- initially produced with a higher pitch, greater pitch fluctuations, slower rate of speech, and increased clarity/fluency
30
important language interactions/skills
- eye contact
- turn-taking
- motivation to communicate
- high quality interactions
31
LD birth - 3 months
- displays startle response to loud sound
- visually tracks/moves eyes to source of sound
- attends to and turns head toward voice/sound source
- smiles reflexively
- cries for assistance
- quiets when picked up
- ceases activity/coos back when person talks (by 2 months)
- vocalizes predominantly vowels
32
LD 4-6 months
- responds by raising arms when mother says "come here" and reaches toward child (by 6 months)
- moves/looks toward family members when they are named
- explores the vocal mechanism through vocal play with growling, squealing, yelling, make raspberries, etc.
- begins to produce adult-like vowels
- begins marginal babbling
- produces double syllables
- puts lips together for /m/
- varies pitch of vocalizations
- responds to own name by 5 months
- vocalizes pleasure and displeasure
- varies volume, pitch, and rate of vocalizations
33
LD 7-9 months
- looks at common objects when the objects' names are spoken
- comprehends "no"
- begins to use some gestural language
- pat-a-cake and peek-a-boo
- shakes head for "no"
- uses a wide variety of sound combinations
- uses inflected vocal play and intonation patterns
- imitates intonation and speech sounds of others by 9 months
- uses variegated babbling by 9 months
- uncovers hidden toy (beginning of object permanence)
34
LD 10-12 months
- understands up to 10 words
- understands simple one-step directions, especially when accompanied by a gesture
- begins to relate symbol and object
- uses first true word
- gives object upon request
- obeys some commands
- understands and follows simple directions regarding body action'-looks in correct place for hidden toys
- turns head instantly to own name
- gestures/vocalizes to indicate wants/needs
- jabbers loudly
- uses variety of sounds and intonations
- varies pitch when vocalizing
- uses all consonant and vowel sounds in vocal play
35
Pragmatics stages
- perlocutionary behavior
- illocutionary behavior
- locutionary stage
- joint reference
36
perlocutionary behavior
signals have an effect on the listener, but lack of communication intent
37
illocutionary behavior
- 9-10 months
- signaling is used to carry out some socially organized action (pointing and laughing)
- intentional communication
38
locutionary stage
- 12 months
| - begin to use words
39
joint reference
- ability to focus attention on an event or objects as directed by another person
- begins with eye contact, and then develops to pointing or naming objects that both the child and caregiver can focus on
40
syntax 12-18 months
- 1 word sentences
- single-word phrase
- avg. MLU is 1.0-2.0
- children use sentence-like words and communicate relationships by using one word plus vocal and body cues and can serve several basic functions
- 50 words by 18 months
41
syntax 18-24 months
- begin to put two words together
- 3-4 word responses by age 2
- use "and" to form a conjoined sentence
- 51% of utterances consist of nouns
42
semantics 1-2 years
- shows understanding of some words and simple commands
- understands around 200 words by 18 months
- uses nominals and verbs frequently in reference to things of greatest importance in the child's environment
- uses semantic relations
- uses overextensions
- answers "what's this?" questions
- responds to yes/no Qs by nodding or shaking head
- follows one step commands or simple directions accompanied by gestures
- follows directions using 1-2 spatial concepts
- points to 1-5 body parts on command
- points to recognized objects
- listens to simple stories by 19-24 months
- asks for more
- refers to self with pronoun and name by 19-24 months
- verbalizes immediate experiences
- begins to use some verbs and adjectives
43
relations expressed by single word utterances
- attribution
- actions
- locative action
- existence
- nonexistance
- denial
- rejection
- recurrence
- possession
44
semantic relations expressed by two-word utterances
- notice
- nomination
- instrumental
- conjunction
- recurrence
- action-object
- action-indirect object
- agent-action
- agent-object
- possessor-possession
- attribute-entity
- entity + locative
- action + locative
45
pragmatics 1-2 years
- child uses verbal and nonverbal communication to control the behavior of others, satisfy needs and wants, interact with others, express emotions or interest, imagine, inform and explore and categorize
- presuppositions emerge (expressions that have shared meaning)
- understand some rules of dialogue and act as speaker and listener
