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EPPP (condensed) > Physiological > Flashcards

Physiological Flashcards

1
Q

In the peripheral nervous system, the neurotransmitter _____ is released into the neuromuscular junction, where is causes muscles to contract; and, in the central nervous system, it’s involved in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle and learning and memory

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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2
Q

Elevated levels of ______ contribute to Schizophrenia, Autistic disorder, and food restrictions associated with Anorexia Nervosa, while low levels play a role in aggression, depression, suicide, Bulimia Nervosa, PTSD, and OCD

A

Serotonin

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3
Q

Benzodiazepines reduce anxiety by enhancing the effects of ________

A

GABA

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4
Q

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is divided into the _____ nervous system, which carries information between the CNS and the body’s sensory systems and skeletal muscles, and the _______ nervous system, which regulates the activities of the visceral muscles and glands.

A

somatic; autonomic

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5
Q

The autonomic nervous system has two subdivisions: the ______ branch prepares the body for “fight or flight,” while the _______ branch is associated with the conservation of energy and states of rest and relaxation

A

sympathetic; parasympathetic

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6
Q

Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide information on the ______ of the brain, while _____, SPECT, and fMRI provide information on the brain’s _____ activities

A

structure; PET; functional

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7
Q

Memory loss associated with Alzheimer’s dementia has been most consistently linked to abnormal levels of which neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

(ACh has been implicated in memory loss associated with Alzheimer’s dementia. More specifically, degeneration of cholinergic (ACh) cells in the entorhinal cortex and other areas that communicate directly with the hippocampus has been linked to this disorder.)

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8
Q

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) serves as an index of neural activity when using what technique?

A

PET

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9
Q

What is most likely to be useful for treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?

A

a drug that blocks the reuptake of serotonin

SSRIs and sometimes TCAs

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10
Q

The ______ mediates the sleep-wake cycle and other circadian rhythms

A

SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus)

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11
Q

The ______ are important in planning, organizing, and coordinating voluntary movements.

A

basal ganglia

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12
Q

The limbic system is associated primarily with emotional activities. The amygdala attaches emotions to ______,, and damage to the amygdala and temporal lobes can produce _____ syndrome, which is characterized by reduced fear and aggression, psychic blindness, and hypersexuality

A

memories; Kluver-Bucy

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13
Q

The right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex are connected by several bundles of fibres, the largest is the ________

A

corpus callosum

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14
Q

While both hemispheres play a role in most behaviours, the ______ (usually left) hemisphere is primarily responsible for language, ______ memory, and ______ emotions, while the ____ (usually right) hemisphere governs _____ recognition, nonverbal memory, and _____ emotions

A

dominant; verbal; positive; non-dominant; facial; negative

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15
Q

When a familiar object is presented to the _____ visual field of a split-brain patient, the patient can name the object but cannot pick it out with his/her _____ hand

A

right; left

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16
Q

Damage to specific areas of the prefrontal cortex may produce one of three syndromes: Damage to the dorsolateral area results ______ syndrome; damage to the orbitofrontal area produces disinhibition syndrome, which is also known as ______, and damage to the mediofrontal area produces apathetic syndrome, which is also referred to as ______

A

dysexecutive; pseudopsychopathy; pseudodepression

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17
Q

Lesions in the left parietal lobe may produce ____ syndrome, which involves a combination of finger agnosia, right-left confusion, agraphia, and acalculia

A

Gerstmann’s

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18
Q

The temporal lobes contain the ______ cortex and _____ area and are involved in the encoding, retrieval, and storage of long-term _____ memories

A

auditory; Wernicke’s; declarative

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19
Q

An adult with damage to his hippocampus can be expected to:

A

forget events that occur after the accident that caused the damage

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20
Q

A split-brain patient is staring straight ahead when the word “headband” is flashed directly in front of her. The woman will most likely report seeing which of the following?

A

band

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21
Q

Damage to _______ would most likely result in impairments in the organization and coordination of voluntary motor responses?

A

basal ganglia

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22
Q

Following a head injury, a women exhibits dressing apraxia and tactile agnosia and doesn’t comb the hair on the left side of her head. Which area of her brain has most likely been damaged?

A

Parietal Lobe

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23
Q

Depth perception depends on a combination of binocular and monocular cues. _____, one of the binocular cues, refers to the fact that our two eyes see objects in the world from two different views, and, the closer an object, the greater the disparity of the two images

A

retinal disparity

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24
Q

Of the senses, ______ is the only one that is not linked to a single type of stimulus

A

pain

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25
Q

According to ______ theory, the perception of pain can be blocked by special cells in the spinal cord

A

gate-control

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26
Q

_____ is a rare condition in which the stimulation of one sensory modality triggers a sensation in another sensory modality

A

Synesthesia

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27
Q

According to ______ Law, the more intense the stimulus, the greater the increase in intensity needed to produce a just noticeable difference

A

Weber’s

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28
Q

Fechner’s Law proposes that physical stimulus changes are _____ related to their psychological sensations; and, according to ______ Law, sensation is and exponential function of stimulus intensity

A

logarithmically; Steven’s Power

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29
Q

According to __________, sensation is an exponential function of stimulus intensity.

A

Steven’s Power Law

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30
Q

Gate control theory is useful for:

A

identifying methods for controlling pain

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31
Q

Retinal disparity helps explain:

A

depth perception for objects that are close

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32
Q

Following bilateral medial temporal lobectomy the relieve severe epilepsy, H.M was able to recall remote events, but he exhibited severe _____ amnesia and retrograde amnesia for _____ events

A

anterograde; recent

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33
Q

A number of areas of the brain play an important role in learning and memory. The _____ lobes are essential for the storage and retrieval of long-term declarative memories; The _______ is involved in memory consolidation and explicit memory; and the ______ attaches emotion to memory

A

temporal; hippocampus; amygdala

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34
Q

The _____ cortex plays a role in episodic memory, prospective memory, and working memory, while the ____, cerebellum, and motor cortex contribute to procedural and implicit

A

prefrontal; basal ganglia

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35
Q

At the neural level, ____ in the hippocampus is believed to be important for long-term memory. There is also evidence that long-term memory depends on increased _____ during the minutes or hours following training

A

long-term potentiation (LPT); protein synthesis

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36
Q

when the synthesis of protein or _____ is inhibited at the time of training, long-term memory is impaired

A

RNA

37
Q

_____ aphasia results from damage to the arcuate fasciculus and involves _____ (an inability to name a familiar object, attribution, or action), paraphasia, and impaired repetition

A

Conduction; anomia

38
Q

H.M. underwent a bilateral medial temporal lobectomy as treatment for severe epilepsy. Following the surgery, H.M. exhibited which of the following?

A

impairments in recent long-term memory

39
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is believed to underlie:

A

learning and memory

40
Q

According to _____ theory, emotions reflect perceptions of bodily reactions (“I’m scared because me knees are shaking”), while ____ theory proposes that emotion-provoking stimuli simultaneously produce a subjective emotional experience and bodily reactions

A

James-Lang; Cannon-Bard

41
Q

Lazarus’s cognitive appraisal theory proposes there are differences in how emotion-arousing events are interpreted or appraised and distinguishes between three types of appraisal: ____, ____, and ______

A

Primary, secondary and re-appraisal

42
Q

Primary appraisal refers to a person’s evaluation of a ______ as irrelevant, positive-benign, or stressful with regard to his or her own well-being

A

situation

43
Q

secondary appraisal refers to the person’s evaluation of the ______ he or she has to cope with a situation that has been identified as stressful

A

resources

44
Q

_______ occurs when the person monitors the situation and, as necessary, modifies his or her primary and/or secondary appraisals

A

re-appraisal

45
Q

_____ circuit was proposed in 1937 as a neural circuit that mediates the experience and expression of emotion

A

Papez’s

46
Q

The _____ hemisphere governs positive emotions and damage to this area results in _______

A

left (dominant); catastrophic reactions

47
Q

The ______ hemisphere mediates negative emotions, and lesions produce _____, emotional lability, and/or undue cheerfulness

A

right; indifference and apathy

48
Q

Electrical stimulation of the amygdala can produce a _______ and/or rage response, while damage to the hypothalamus can result in rage or uncontrollable ______

A

fear; laughter

49
Q

Seley’s general adaptation syndrome describes the stress response as involving three stages: _____, _____, and ______

A

alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion

50
Q

Sleep stages 3 and 4 are characterized by large, slow _____ waves

A

delta

51
Q

The fifth stage is marked by the presence of _____. Because the sleeper is both in a deep state of sleep and physiologically active, this stage is also referred to as active or ____ sleep

A

rapid eye movements; paradoxical

52
Q

Alpha waves are replaced by theta waves during ________ sleep.

A

Stage 1

53
Q

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) may be the result of either a closed- or open-head injury. A closed head injury usually causes an alteration or loss of ______ and some degree of anterograde and retrograde amnesia

A

consciousness

54
Q

The term posttraumatic amnesia is usually used to refer to _______ amnesia

A

anterograde

55
Q

When retrograde amnesia occurs, _______ memories return first

A

remote (distant past)

56
Q

Recovery from TBI is moderated by a number of factors, but, in general, the greatest amount of recovery occurs during the first _____ months

A

three

57
Q

As described in the DSM-5, the diagnosis of Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Traumatic Brain Injury requires that symptoms meet the criteria for Major or Mild neurocognitive disorder plus evidence of a traumatic brain injury with loss of _____, ______, disorientation and confusion, and/or neurological signs

A

consciousness; posttraumatic amnesia

58
Q

When the stroke involves the ____ cerebral artery, symptoms may also include dysarthia, aphasia, or apraxia

A

middle

59
Q

Huntington’s disease is due to an _____ dominant gene and is characterized by a combination of psychiatric, cognitive, and motor symptoms

A

autosomal

60
Q

Huntington’s disease has been linked to degeneration of ______-secreting cells and glutamate excitotoxicity in certain structures of the basal ganglia

A

GABA

61
Q

_____ seizures begin in one side of the brain and affect one side of the body, at least initially.

A

partial

62
Q

Hyposecretion of ADH by the pituitary results in ______

A

diabetes insipidus

63
Q

Too much thyroxine produces _____, which is characterized by speeded-up metabolism, _______ body temperature, weight loss, agitation, and insomnia

A

hyperthyroidism; elevated

64
Q

Too little thyroxine results in ______, which involves slowed metabolism, weight gain, lowered body temperature, depression, lethargy, and impaired _____

A

hypothyroidism; memory and concentration

65
Q

Too little insulin can produce ______

A

diabetes mellitus

66
Q

A young woman says that she always feels cold, is frequently depressed and has trouble concentrating, is lethargic and has lost interest in sex, and has gained weight even though she doesn’t eat much. These symptoms are most suggestive of what endocrine disorder?

A

hypothyroidism

67
Q

Research on symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease suggests that depression:

A

may be endogenous to the disease rather than just a reaction to it.

68
Q

Agonist

A

produce effects similar to those produced by a neurotransmitter

69
Q

Antagonist

A

produce no activity on their own but reduce or block the effects of a neurotransmitter

70
Q

anticholinergic effects

A

dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation, and tachycardia

71
Q

a rare, life-threatening side effect of first generation antipsychotics– characterized by a rapid onset of muscle rigidity, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and altered consciousness

A

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome(NMS)

72
Q

catecholamine hypothesis

A

some forms of depression are caused by a deficiency of norepinephrine while mania is due to excessive norepinephrine.

73
Q

Anticholinergic side effects

A

dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation, and tachycardia

74
Q

TCAs are also _____ and can cause hypertension, extreme hypotension, and tachycardia

A

cardiotoxic

75
Q

SSRIs are less cardiotoxic than the TCAs, are safer in _____ and are less likely to produce ____ impairments

A

overdose; cognitive

76
Q

The most dangerous side-effect of MAOIs is hypertensive crisis, which can occur when an MAOI is taken in conjunction with certain drugs or food containing ______

A

Tryamine

77
Q

To avoid toxicity when taking lithium, patients must be careful to avoid fluctuations in their _____ intake and to avoid caffeine, alcohol, and other diuretics

A

salt (sodium)

78
Q

Carbamazepine is an _____ drug that has been found to have similar effects on manic symptoms as lithium and may be more beneficial than lithium for people who experience ____ or who have dysphoric mania

A

anticonvulsant; frequent mood swings

79
Q

Cross-tolerance

A

occurs when tolerance to one drug produces tolerance to other drugs in the same class

80
Q

Propranolol and other beta-blockers are used to treat cardiovascular disease, tremor, and migraine headache and have been useful for reducing the ______ symptoms of anxiety

A

physical

81
Q

Amphetamines are currently used to treat ______ and ADHD, while methylphenidate is used to treat the latter disorder

A

narcolepsy

82
Q

Common side-effects of methylphenidate include decreased ______, insomnia, and dysphoria

A

appetite

83
Q

Higher doses of methylphenidate may cause ____ suppression, but occasional _____ can help minimize this effect

A

growth; drug holidays

84
Q

Drugs that block the activity of __________ produce dry mouth, blurred vision, postural hypotension, urinary retention, and tachycardia

A

ACh

85
Q

In comparison to the tricyclics, fluoxetine and other SSRIs are less ______

A

cardiotoxic

86
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

caused by hyposecretion of thyroid hormones
- decreased rate of metabolism, reduced appetite with weight gain, slowed heart rate, lowered body temperature, cold intolerance, depression, lethargy, decreased libido, confusion, and impaired concentration and memory

87
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

caused by hypersecretion of thyroid hormones, and its symptoms include an increased rate of metabolism, elevated body temperature, heat intolerance, increased appetite with weight loss, accelerated heart rate, insomnia, emotional lability, and reduced attention span.

88
Q

Loss of __________ neurons in the __________ is believed to contribute to depression and cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease.

A

dopamine; striatum

EPPP (condensed) (3 decks)

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