Physiological

Question 1

In the peripheral nervous system, the neurotransmitter _____ is released into the neuromuscular junction, where is causes muscles to contract; and, in the central nervous system, it’s involved in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle and learning and memory

Answer 1

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 2

Elevated levels of ______ contribute to Schizophrenia, Autistic disorder, and food restrictions associated with Anorexia Nervosa, while low levels play a role in aggression, depression, suicide, Bulimia Nervosa, PTSD, and OCD

Answer 2

Serotonin

Question 3

Benzodiazepines reduce anxiety by enhancing the effects of ________

Answer 3

GABA

Question 4

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is divided into the _____ nervous system, which carries information between the CNS and the body’s sensory systems and skeletal muscles, and the _______ nervous system, which regulates the activities of the visceral muscles and glands.

Answer 4

somatic; autonomic

Question 5

The autonomic nervous system has two subdivisions: the ______ branch prepares the body for “fight or flight,” while the _______ branch is associated with the conservation of energy and states of rest and relaxation

Answer 5

sympathetic; parasympathetic

Question 6

Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide information on the ______ of the brain, while _____, SPECT, and fMRI provide information on the brain’s _____ activities

Answer 6

structure; PET; functional

Question 7

Memory loss associated with Alzheimer’s dementia has been most consistently linked to abnormal levels of which neurotransmitter?

Answer 7

Acetylcholine

(ACh has been implicated in memory loss associated with Alzheimer’s dementia. More specifically, degeneration of cholinergic (ACh) cells in the entorhinal cortex and other areas that communicate directly with the hippocampus has been linked to this disorder.)

Question 8

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) serves as an index of neural activity when using what technique?

Answer 8

PET

Question 9

What is most likely to be useful for treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?

Answer 9

a drug that blocks the reuptake of serotonin

SSRIs and sometimes TCAs

Question 10

The ______ mediates the sleep-wake cycle and other circadian rhythms

Answer 10

SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus)

Question 11

The ______ are important in planning, organizing, and coordinating voluntary movements.

Answer 11

basal ganglia

Question 12

The limbic system is associated primarily with emotional activities. The amygdala attaches emotions to ______,, and damage to the amygdala and temporal lobes can produce _____ syndrome, which is characterized by reduced fear and aggression, psychic blindness, and hypersexuality

Answer 12

memories; Kluver-Bucy

Question 13

The right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex are connected by several bundles of fibres, the largest is the ________

Answer 13

corpus callosum

Question 14

While both hemispheres play a role in most behaviours, the ______ (usually left) hemisphere is primarily responsible for language, ______ memory, and ______ emotions, while the ____ (usually right) hemisphere governs _____ recognition, nonverbal memory, and _____ emotions

Answer 14

dominant; verbal; positive; non-dominant; facial; negative

Question 15

When a familiar object is presented to the _____ visual field of a split-brain patient, the patient can name the object but cannot pick it out with his/her _____ hand

Answer 15

right; left

Question 16

Damage to specific areas of the prefrontal cortex may produce one of three syndromes: Damage to the dorsolateral area results ______ syndrome; damage to the orbitofrontal area produces disinhibition syndrome, which is also known as ______, and damage to the mediofrontal area produces apathetic syndrome, which is also referred to as ______

Answer 16

dysexecutive; pseudopsychopathy; pseudodepression

Question 17

Lesions in the left parietal lobe may produce ____ syndrome, which involves a combination of finger agnosia, right-left confusion, agraphia, and acalculia

Answer 17

Gerstmann’s

Question 18

The temporal lobes contain the ______ cortex and _____ area and are involved in the encoding, retrieval, and storage of long-term _____ memories

Answer 18

auditory; Wernicke’s; declarative

Question 19

An adult with damage to his hippocampus can be expected to:

Answer 19

forget events that occur after the accident that caused the damage

Question 20

A split-brain patient is staring straight ahead when the word “headband” is flashed directly in front of her. The woman will most likely report seeing which of the following?

Answer 20

band

Question 21

Damage to _______ would most likely result in impairments in the organization and coordination of voluntary motor responses?

Answer 21

basal ganglia

Question 22

Following a head injury, a women exhibits dressing apraxia and tactile agnosia and doesn’t comb the hair on the left side of her head. Which area of her brain has most likely been damaged?

Answer 22

Parietal Lobe

Question 23

Depth perception depends on a combination of binocular and monocular cues. _____, one of the binocular cues, refers to the fact that our two eyes see objects in the world from two different views, and, the closer an object, the greater the disparity of the two images

Answer 23

retinal disparity

Question 24

Of the senses, ______ is the only one that is not linked to a single type of stimulus

Answer 24

pain

Question 25

According to ______ theory, the perception of pain can be blocked by special cells in the spinal cord

Answer 25

gate-control

Question 26

_____ is a rare condition in which the stimulation of one sensory modality triggers a sensation in another sensory modality

Answer 26

Synesthesia

Question 27

According to ______ Law, the more intense the stimulus, the greater the increase in intensity needed to produce a just noticeable difference

Answer 27

Weber's

Question 28

Fechner's Law proposes that physical stimulus changes are _____ related to their psychological sensations; and, according to ______ Law, sensation is and exponential function of stimulus intensity

Answer 28

logarithmically; Steven's Power

Question 29

According to __________, sensation is an exponential function of stimulus intensity.

Answer 29

Steven's Power Law

Question 30

Gate control theory is useful for:

Answer 30

identifying methods for controlling pain

Question 31

Retinal disparity helps explain:

Answer 31

depth perception for objects that are close

Question 32

Following bilateral medial temporal lobectomy the relieve severe epilepsy, H.M was able to recall remote events, but he exhibited severe _____ amnesia and retrograde amnesia for _____ events

Answer 32

anterograde; recent

Question 33

A number of areas of the brain play an important role in learning and memory. The _____ lobes are essential for the storage and retrieval of long-term declarative memories; The _______ is involved in memory consolidation and explicit memory; and the ______ attaches emotion to memory

Answer 33

temporal; hippocampus; amygdala

Question 34

The _____ cortex plays a role in episodic memory, prospective memory, and working memory, while the ____, cerebellum, and motor cortex contribute to procedural and implicit

Answer 34

prefrontal; basal ganglia

Question 35

At the neural level, ____ in the hippocampus is believed to be important for long-term memory. There is also evidence that long-term memory depends on increased _____ during the minutes or hours following training

Answer 35

long-term potentiation (LPT); protein synthesis

Question 36

when the synthesis of protein or _____ is inhibited at the time of training, long-term memory is impaired

Answer 36

RNA

Question 37

_____ aphasia results from damage to the arcuate fasciculus and involves _____ (an inability to name a familiar object, attribution, or action), paraphasia, and impaired repetition

Answer 37

Conduction; anomia

Question 38

H.M. underwent a bilateral medial temporal lobectomy as treatment for severe epilepsy. Following the surgery, H.M. exhibited which of the following?

Answer 38

impairments in recent long-term memory

Question 39

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is believed to underlie:

Answer 39

learning and memory

Question 40

According to _____ theory, emotions reflect perceptions of bodily reactions ("I'm scared because me knees are shaking"), while ____ theory proposes that emotion-provoking stimuli simultaneously produce a subjective emotional experience and bodily reactions

Answer 40

James-Lang; Cannon-Bard

Question 41

Lazarus's cognitive appraisal theory proposes there are differences in how emotion-arousing events are interpreted or appraised and distinguishes between three types of appraisal: ____, ____, and ______

Answer 41

Primary, secondary and re-appraisal

Question 42

Primary appraisal refers to a person's evaluation of a ______ as irrelevant, positive-benign, or stressful with regard to his or her own well-being

Answer 42

situation

Question 43

secondary appraisal refers to the person's evaluation of the ______ he or she has to cope with a situation that has been identified as stressful

Answer 43

resources

Question 44

_______ occurs when the person monitors the situation and, as necessary, modifies his or her primary and/or secondary appraisals

Answer 44

re-appraisal

Question 45

_____ circuit was proposed in 1937 as a neural circuit that mediates the experience and expression of emotion

Answer 45

Papez's

Question 46

The _____ hemisphere governs positive emotions and damage to this area results in _______

Answer 46

left (dominant); catastrophic reactions

Question 47

The ______ hemisphere mediates negative emotions, and lesions produce _____, emotional lability, and/or undue cheerfulness

Answer 47

right; indifference and apathy

Question 48

Electrical stimulation of the amygdala can produce a _______ and/or rage response, while damage to the hypothalamus can result in rage or uncontrollable ______

Answer 48

fear; laughter

Question 49

Seley's general adaptation syndrome describes the stress response as involving three stages: _____, _____, and ______

Answer 49

alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion

Question 50

Sleep stages 3 and 4 are characterized by large, slow _____ waves

Answer 50

delta

Question 51

The fifth stage is marked by the presence of _____. Because the sleeper is both in a deep state of sleep and physiologically active, this stage is also referred to as active or ____ sleep

Answer 51

rapid eye movements; paradoxical

Question 52

Alpha waves are replaced by theta waves during ________ sleep.

Answer 52

Stage 1

Question 53

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) may be the result of either a closed- or open-head injury. A closed head injury usually causes an alteration or loss of ______ and some degree of anterograde and retrograde amnesia

Answer 53

consciousness

Question 54

The term posttraumatic amnesia is usually used to refer to _______ amnesia

Answer 54

anterograde

Question 55

When retrograde amnesia occurs, _______ memories return first

Answer 55

remote (distant past)

Question 56

Recovery from TBI is moderated by a number of factors, but, in general, the greatest amount of recovery occurs during the first _____ months

Answer 56

three

Question 57

As described in the DSM-5, the diagnosis of Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Traumatic Brain Injury requires that symptoms meet the criteria for Major or Mild neurocognitive disorder plus evidence of a traumatic brain injury with loss of _____, ______, disorientation and confusion, and/or neurological signs

Answer 57

consciousness; posttraumatic amnesia

Question 58

When the stroke involves the ____ cerebral artery, symptoms may also include dysarthia, aphasia, or apraxia

Answer 58

middle

Question 59

Huntington's disease is due to an _____ dominant gene and is characterized by a combination of psychiatric, cognitive, and motor symptoms

Answer 59

autosomal

Question 60

Huntington's disease has been linked to degeneration of ______-secreting cells and glutamate excitotoxicity in certain structures of the basal ganglia

Answer 60

GABA

Question 61

_____ seizures begin in one side of the brain and affect one side of the body, at least initially.

Answer 61

partial

Question 62

Hyposecretion of ADH by the pituitary results in ______

Answer 62

diabetes insipidus

Question 63

Too much thyroxine produces _____, which is characterized by speeded-up metabolism, _______ body temperature, weight loss, agitation, and insomnia

Answer 63

hyperthyroidism; elevated

Question 64

Too little thyroxine results in ______, which involves slowed metabolism, weight gain, lowered body temperature, depression, lethargy, and impaired _____

Answer 64

hypothyroidism; memory and concentration

Question 65

Too little insulin can produce ______

Answer 65

diabetes mellitus

Question 66

A young woman says that she always feels cold, is frequently depressed and has trouble concentrating, is lethargic and has lost interest in sex, and has gained weight even though she doesn't eat much. These symptoms are most suggestive of what endocrine disorder?

Answer 66

hypothyroidism

Question 67

Research on symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease suggests that depression:

Answer 67

may be endogenous to the disease rather than just a reaction to it.

Question 68

Agonist

Answer 68

produce effects similar to those produced by a neurotransmitter

Question 69

Antagonist

Answer 69

produce no activity on their own but reduce or block the effects of a neurotransmitter

Question 70

anticholinergic effects

Answer 70

dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation, and tachycardia

Question 71

a rare, life-threatening side effect of first generation antipsychotics-- characterized by a rapid onset of muscle rigidity, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and altered consciousness

Answer 71

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)

Question 72

catecholamine hypothesis

Answer 72

some forms of depression are caused by a deficiency of norepinephrine while mania is due to excessive norepinephrine. 

Question 73

Anticholinergic side effects 

Answer 73

dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation, and tachycardia

Question 74

TCAs are also _____ and can cause hypertension, extreme hypotension, and tachycardia

Answer 74

cardiotoxic

Question 75

SSRIs are less cardiotoxic than the TCAs, are safer in _____ and are less likely to produce ____ impairments

Answer 75

overdose; cognitive

Question 76

The most dangerous side-effect of MAOIs is hypertensive crisis, which can occur when an MAOI is taken in conjunction with certain drugs or food containing ______

Answer 76

Tryamine

Question 77

To avoid toxicity when taking lithium, patients must be careful to avoid fluctuations in their _____ intake and to avoid caffeine, alcohol, and other diuretics

Answer 77

salt (sodium)

Question 78

Carbamazepine is an _____ drug that has been found to have similar effects on manic symptoms as lithium and may be more beneficial than lithium for people who experience ____ or who have dysphoric mania

Answer 78

anticonvulsant; frequent mood swings

Question 79

Cross-tolerance 

Answer 79

occurs when tolerance to one drug produces tolerance to other drugs in the same class

Question 80

Propranolol and other beta-blockers are used to treat cardiovascular disease, tremor, and migraine headache and have been useful for reducing the ______ symptoms of anxiety

Answer 80

physical

Question 81

Amphetamines are currently used to treat ______ and ADHD, while methylphenidate is used to treat the latter disorder

Answer 81

narcolepsy

Question 82

Common side-effects of methylphenidate include decreased ______, insomnia, and dysphoria

Answer 82

appetite

Question 83

Higher doses of methylphenidate may cause ____ suppression, but occasional _____ can help minimize this effect

Answer 83

growth; drug holidays

Question 84

Drugs that block the activity of __________ produce dry mouth, blurred vision, postural hypotension, urinary retention, and tachycardia

Answer 84

ACh

Question 85

In comparison to the tricyclics, fluoxetine and other SSRIs are less ______

Answer 85

cardiotoxic

Question 86

Hypothyroidism

Answer 86

caused by hyposecretion of thyroid hormones - decreased rate of metabolism, reduced appetite with weight gain, slowed heart rate, lowered body temperature, cold intolerance, depression, lethargy, decreased libido, confusion, and impaired concentration and memory

Question 87

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 87

caused by hypersecretion of thyroid hormones, and its symptoms include an increased rate of metabolism, elevated body temperature, heat intolerance, increased appetite with weight loss, accelerated heart rate, insomnia, emotional lability, and reduced attention span. 

Question 88

Loss of __________ neurons in the __________ is believed to contribute to depression and cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease.

Answer 88

dopamine; striatum