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EPPP (condensed) > Clinical > Flashcards

Clinical Flashcards

1
Q

for an object-relations theorist - introjection refers to

A

assimilating aspects of an object into the self
(ex. a child’s internalized images of the mother or other object; the self interacting with the object, and the emotions involved with the object)

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2
Q

What are the 5 types of therapy that fit in the Humanistic/constructivist category?

A
  • Person-centered therapy
  • Gestalt therapy
  • Existential therapy
  • Reality therapy
  • Personal construct therapy
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3
Q

Phenomenological approach

A

to understand a person, one must understand his/her subjective experience

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4
Q

view of maladaptive behaviour for person-centered therapy

A

when the self becomes disorganized; incongruence between self and experience

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5
Q

A Gestalt therapist would interpret a client’s transference as…

A

a client’s fantasy

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6
Q

As described by Alfred Adler, a healthy style of life is characterized by…

A

confidence, optimism, and concern about the welfare of others

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7
Q

Carl Rogers proposed that a person may attempt to relieve anxiety by relying on what?

A

distortion or denial

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8
Q

George Kelly’s (1955) personal construct theory focuses on the role of “personal constructs,” which Kelly describes as…

A

bipolar dimensions of meaning

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9
Q

Glasser’s (1998) reality therapy identifies which of the following as the primary source of motivation?

A

basic innate needs

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10
Q

Gestalt -Boundary Disturbance - Introjection

A

a person accepts concepts, facts, and standards from the environment w/o actually understanding or fully assimilating them (often overly compliant)

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11
Q

Gestalt-Boundary disturbance –Projection

A

involves disowning aspects of the self by assigning them to other people

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12
Q

Gestalt-Boundary disturbance –Retroflection

A

doing to oneself what one wants to do to others (ex. turning anger inwards)

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13
Q

Gestalt-Boundary disturbance–Confluence

A

absence of a boundary between the self and the environment (causes intolerance of any differences between oneself and others –often underlies feelings of guilt and resentment)

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14
Q

According to existentialism, what are the ultimate concerns of existence?

A

death, freedom, existential isolation, and meaninglessness

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15
Q

What is reality therapy based on?

A

choice theory (or control theory) –that people are responsible for the choices they make

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16
Q

Neuroses are often related to a boundary disturbance such as _____, which occurs when a person psychologically “swallows” whole concepts from the environment without fully understanding them

A

introjection

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17
Q

Neurotic anxiety results from an attempt to avoid ____ anxiety

A

existential

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18
Q

According to Kelly, psychological processes are determined by how a person construes events, with construing involving the sue of personal constructs, which are ______ dimensions of meaning that begin to develop in infancy and may operate on an unconscious or conscious level. Kelly devised _______ to help clients “try on” and adopt alternative personal constructs

A

bipolar; fixed-role therapy

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19
Q

What is interpersonal therapy’s view of maladaptive behaviour?

A

maladaptive behaviour is related to problems in social roles and interpersonal relationships (often traceable to a lack of strong attachments early in life)

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20
Q

Interpersonal therapy: 4 primary problem areas of interpersonal functioning

A
  1. unresolved grief
  2. interpersonal role disputes
  3. role transitions
  4. interpersonal deficits
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21
Q

Mediating variables that affect motivation at different stages of change

A
  1. decisional balance
  2. self-efficacy
  3. temptation
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22
Q

4 general principles of motivational interviewing

A
  1. express empathy
  2. develop discrepancies between current behaviour and personal goals and values
  3. roll with resistance
  4. support self-efficacy
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23
Q

Interventions ordinarily address one or more of four problem areas –unresolved grief, interpersonal role disputes, _______, and/or interpersonal deficits

A

role transitions

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24
Q

A person in the _____ stage intende to take action within the next six months, while the person in the maintenance stage has maintained a behaviour change for at least ____ months

A

contemplation; six

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25
Q

Motivational Interviewing combines the transtheoretical model with elements of ____ and Bandura’s notion of self-efficacy

A

client-centered therapy

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26
Q

As defined by Murray Bowen, an “emotional triangle” serves which of the following functions?

A

It reduces anxiety and tension between family members.

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27
Q

A structural family therapist would most likely use what technique when working with a family consisting of a mother and father who constantly argue, a teenage son who is overly dependent on his mother, and a 9-year-old daughter who has asthma and other physical symptoms?

A

blending with the family by adopting its language, behaviors, and style

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28
Q

During an argument, a husband and wife keep trying to outdo one another in terms of insults. This is one of the possible outcomes of:

A

symmetrical communication

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29
Q

What is one negative outcome of symmetrical communication?

A

the communicators have equal status, but at times, this may escalate into a “one-upsmanship” game.

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30
Q

What is triangulation?

A

Though originally defined as involving parents and a child, triangulation can also refer to any triad in which two parties attempt to involve a third party in their conflict and demand the third party’s loyalty.

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31
Q

How do practitioners of structural family therapy view maladaptive behaviour?

A

Maladaptive behaviour is related to boundaries that are either too rigid or overly diffuse

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32
Q

What is a stable coalition?

A

occurs when a parent and child consistently “gang up” against the other parent

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33
Q

Family therapies are consistent with a Kantian tradition and reflect a _____ view of causality and a relational, contextual, relativistic perspective

A

reciprocal

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34
Q

The earliests contributors of family therapy include _____, who was a child psychiatrist who eventually became known as the “grandfather of family therapy” and gregory Bateson who is frequently cited for his work on the role of _____ communication in the development of schizophrenia

A

Ackerman, Double-bind

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35
Q

In symmetrical communication, participants are _____, while in _______ communication, participants are unequal and the differences between them are maximized

A

equal; complementary

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36
Q

Practitioners of structural family therapy view maladaptive behaviour as being related to ________ that are too rigid or, at the other extreme, overly diffuse. In the former situation, family members are disengaged; in the latter they are ______

A

Boundaries; enmeshed

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37
Q

a ____ is occurring when a parent and child consistently “gang up” against the other parent.

A

stable coalition

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38
Q

A first step in structural family therapy is _____, which entails “blending” with the family by adopting it’s style

A

joining

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39
Q

Strategic family therapy emphasizes the role of ______ in maladaptive behaviour and, in particular, how it is used to control one’s relationships

A

communication

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40
Q

paradoxical interventions are designed to use a client’s ______ in a constructive way.

A

resistance

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41
Q

a(n) _____ is an unpleasant task that a client must perform when he/she engages in symptomatic behaviour, while _____ involves relabeling a symptom to give it a more positive meaning

A

ordeal; reframing

42
Q

Milan systemic family therapists utilize several techniques including hypothesizing, neutrality, and circular questions, which are used to help family members recognize differences in their _________

A

perceptions

43
Q

Behavioural family therapies make use of the principles of operant conditioning, social learning theory, and social exchange theory to alter the ______ that are maintaining problematic behaviours

A

antecedents and consequences

44
Q

systemic and behavioural family therapies primary focus is the ____and ____ skills of family members

A

communication and problem-solving

45
Q

for object-relations family therapists, maladaptive behaviour is the result of both _____ factors, and a goal of therapy is to resolve each family member’s attachment to family

A

introjects

46
Q

Self-in-relation theory is an approach to feminist object relations theory and differs from traditional object relations theory in:

A

its explanation of gender differences in terms of same-gender versus opposite-gender influences in the mother-child relationship

47
Q

what are the most curative factors provided in group therapy (stated as most important by group members)?

A

interpersonal input, catharsis, self-understanding, and cohesiveness

48
Q

which curative factors of group therapy are rated as least important to group members?

A

family re-enactment, guidance, identification

49
Q

how does one reach the “antechamber of change” in group therapy

A

learn what their behaviour is like, how it makes others feel, how it influences opinions others have of you, and how it affects your opinion of yourself

50
Q

How do feminist therapy and non-sexist therapy differ?

A

feminist therapists prioritize the role of social/political factors, whereas non-sexist therapist focus on individual factors and personal behaviour

51
Q

what is an essential feature of hypnosis?

A

subjective experiential change

52
Q

_______ preventions emphasize early detection and intervention and target specific individuals

A

secondary

53
Q

_____ preventions make in intervention available to all members of a particular group or population

A

primary

54
Q

______ prevention programs are aimed at reducing the duration and consequences and evaluation of the costs and benefits of making a particular response

A

tertiary

55
Q

______ consultation targets the consultee’s skills, knowledge, or objectivity so that the consultee can be more successful in dealing with a particular population or group of clients

A

consultee-centered case

56
Q

_____ consultation involves working with one or more administrators to resolve problems related to an existing program

A

program-centered administrative

57
Q

______ consultation helps administrators improve their professional functioning with regard to program development and implementation

A

consultee-centered administrative

58
Q

Theme interference

A

a type of transference that occurs when a past unresolved conflict related to a particular type of client or circumstance is evoked by and interferes with the consultee’s current situation

59
Q

According to the Health belief model, health behaviours are influenced by what 3 things?

A

1) readiness to take action
2) cost/benefit analysis
3) internal and external cues that trigger a response to take action

60
Q

4 stages of consultation

A
  • Entry
  • Diagnosis
  • Implementation
  • Disengagement
61
Q

Difference between consultation and supervision

A

-in supervision, the supervisor is in a position of power and both parties are often in the same profession

62
Q

Based on his review of the psychotherapy outcome studies, Hans Eysenck (1952) concluded that:

A

untreated patients are often “better off” than treated patients in terms of symptom improvement.

63
Q

Based on the results of his review of literature, Eysenck concluded that the apparent benefits of psychotherapy are due to ______. His conclusion was based on the finding that 72% of no-treatment control group patients improved, while ____% of patients receiving eclectic therapy and 44% receiving psychoanalytic psychotherapy showed a substantial improvement in symptoms

A

spontaneous remission; 66

64
Q

According to Howard et al., the duration of therapy has a positive correlation with outcomes, at least up to about _____ sessions, when the relationship begins to “level off”

A

26

65
Q

The research has found that about ______% of therapy clients from racial/ethnic minority groups drop out after the first session compared to 30% of white clients

A

50

66
Q

The term _____ was originally used to describe the tendency of health practitioners to attribute all problems to mental retardation in individuals with this diagnosis

A

diagnostic overshadowing

67
Q

In the context of psychotherapy, the goal of an _____ intervention is to make changes in the individual’s environment, while the goal of an _____ intervention to change the individual

A

alloplastic; autoplastic

68
Q

Emic orientation

A

culture specific; involves understanding the culture from the perspective of members of that culture

69
Q

Etic orientation

A

culture-general; assumes that universal principles can be applied to all cultures

70
Q

High context communication

A

relies heavily on non-verbal cues and group understanding; helps unify a culture and is slow to change

71
Q

Low context communication

A

relies on explicit, verbal communication; is less unifying an can change rapidly and easily

72
Q

American Indians generally exhibit a consensual _____ form of social organization and view mental health problems as the result of ______ with nature.

A

collateral; disharmony

73
Q

_____ involves maintaining one’s own (minority) culture while also incorporating many aspects of the dominant culture

A

integration (biculturalism)

74
Q

According to Wrenn, culturally _____ counsellors define everyone’s reality according to their own cultural assumptions and stereotypes

A

encapsulated

75
Q

heterosexism

A

includes beliefs about gender, morality, and sexuality that define sexual minorities as deviant or threatening and is inherent in language, laws. and other cultural institutions

76
Q

Sexual Stigma

A

shared knowledge that creates a power differential in which homosexuality is inferior to heterosexuality

77
Q

sexual prejudice

A

refers to negative attitudes that are based on sexual orientation

78
Q

Dissonance

A

the second stage of Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity development model –characterized by confusion and conflict

79
Q

Resistance and Immersion

A

The third stage of Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity development model– involves active rejection of the dominant group.
This is followed by the introspection stage, and finally, the stage of integrative awareness

80
Q

The current version of Cross’s Black Racial Identity Model proposes that identity development for African Americans involves four stages. During the initial ____ stage, racial identity has low salience. Exposure to one or more race-related events leads to the ____ stage, which is characterized by greater racial/cultural awareness. This is followed by Immersion-Emersion, and then ______

A

Pre-encounter; Encounter; Internalization

81
Q

Helm’s White Identity model: Initial contact status, followed by ______, in which increasing awareness of racism leads to confusion and emotional conflict

A

Disintegration

82
Q

Troiden’s model of homosexual identity development involves four stages:

A
  • sensitization/feeling different
  • self-recognition/identity confusion
  • identity assumptions
  • commitment/identity integration
83
Q

what are the 3 overlapping stages of Meichenbaum’s stress inoculation trianing?

A
  1. conceptualization
  2. Skill acquisition and rehearsal
  3. Application and follow-through
84
Q

what are the 5 steps of Meichenbaum’s self-instructional training?

A
  1. cognitive modelling
  2. overt external guidance
  3. overt self-guidance
  4. faded overt self-guidance
  5. covert self-instruction
85
Q

Collaborative empiricism

A

best describes the therapeutic relationship in Beck’s CBT—in which the therapist and client work together to identify treatment goals, reality test the client’s beliefs, and derive a plan to resolve the client’s problems

86
Q

what type of therapy distinguishes between clean and dirty pain/discomfort

A

ACT

87
Q

Parataxic distortion

A

perceiving others, not on the basis of their actual attributes, but on expectations developed from past interpersonal relationships
(similar to transference–but this is the term used in interpersonal psychotherapy)

88
Q

Object constancy

A

the ability to maintain a positive connection to a significant other even when he/she is not gratifying one’s immediate needs.

89
Q

3 stages of developing object constancy

A
  1. Normal Autistic stage
  2. Normal Symbolic stage
  3. Separation-individuation stage
90
Q

4 substages of separation-individuation for object constancy to develop

A
  • Differentiation
  • Practicing
  • Rapproachment
  • Object constancy
91
Q

Reality therapy identified psychopathology as a result of:

A

the adoption of a failure identity

92
Q

What are the 5 basic innate needs (according to Reality therapy)

A
  1. love and belonging
  2. power
  3. freedom
  4. survival
93
Q

Boyd Franklin’s Multisystems Model

A

involves intervening in numerous systems and at multiple levels that include the individual, his/her immediate and extended family, nonblood relatives and friends, church and community services, and social service agencies.

94
Q

Sue and Sue –worldview

A

“affects how we perceive and evaluate situations and how we derive appropriate actions based on our appraisal”

-locus of control and locus of responsibility are affected by culture

95
Q

positive and negative feedback loops

A
  • Positive feedback loopsamplify change and disrupt the status quo can lead to breakdowns or promote appropriate change
  • Negative feedback loopsresist change and help a system maintain the status quo
96
Q

A young man complains that “everyone at work hates me.” His therapist says it may be true that his coworkers hate him and asks him to list the ways they have expressed their hate. The therapist is using which paradoxical technique?

A

Positioning

97
Q

which paradoxical technique involves encouraging family members not to change or warning them not to change too quickly.

A

restraining

98
Q

Which type of family therapy describes problematic behaviours and power struggles between family members as “dirty games”

A

Milan Systemic Family Therapy

99
Q

Compared to effectiveness research on psychotherapy outcomes, efficacy research has better _____ validity, but worse ______ validity

A

internal; external

100
Q

A practitioner of Freudian psychoanalysis is most likely to interpret the artistic endeavors of his client as a diversion of the client’s unacceptable aggressive urges and a manifestation of which defense mechanism?

A

sublimation

EPPP (condensed) (3 decks)

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