Clinical Flashcards
1
Q
for an object-relations theorist - introjection refers to
A
assimilating aspects of an object into the self
(ex. a child’s internalized images of the mother or other object; the self interacting with the object, and the emotions involved with the object)
2
Q
What are the 5 types of therapy that fit in the Humanistic/constructivist category?
A
- Person-centered therapy
- Gestalt therapy
- Existential therapy
- Reality therapy
- Personal construct therapy
3
Q
Phenomenological approach
A
to understand a person, one must understand his/her subjective experience
4
Q
view of maladaptive behaviour for person-centered therapy
A
when the self becomes disorganized; incongruence between self and experience
5
Q
A Gestalt therapist would interpret a client’s transference as…
A
a client’s fantasy
6
Q
As described by Alfred Adler, a healthy style of life is characterized by…
A
confidence, optimism, and concern about the welfare of others
7
Q
Carl Rogers proposed that a person may attempt to relieve anxiety by relying on what?
A
distortion or denial
8
Q
George Kelly’s (1955) personal construct theory focuses on the role of “personal constructs,” which Kelly describes as…
A
bipolar dimensions of meaning
9
Q
Glasser’s (1998) reality therapy identifies which of the following as the primary source of motivation?
A
basic innate needs
10
Q
Gestalt -Boundary Disturbance - Introjection
A
a person accepts concepts, facts, and standards from the environment w/o actually understanding or fully assimilating them (often overly compliant)
11
Q
Gestalt-Boundary disturbance –Projection
A
involves disowning aspects of the self by assigning them to other people
12
Q
Gestalt-Boundary disturbance –Retroflection
A
doing to oneself what one wants to do to others (ex. turning anger inwards)
13
Q
Gestalt-Boundary disturbance–Confluence
A
absence of a boundary between the self and the environment (causes intolerance of any differences between oneself and others –often underlies feelings of guilt and resentment)
14
Q
According to existentialism, what are the ultimate concerns of existence?
A
death, freedom, existential isolation, and meaninglessness
15
Q
What is reality therapy based on?
A
choice theory (or control theory) –that people are responsible for the choices they make
16
Q
Neuroses are often related to a boundary disturbance such as _____, which occurs when a person psychologically “swallows” whole concepts from the environment without fully understanding them
A
introjection
17
Q
Neurotic anxiety results from an attempt to avoid ____ anxiety
A
existential
18
Q
According to Kelly, psychological processes are determined by how a person construes events, with construing involving the sue of personal constructs, which are ______ dimensions of meaning that begin to develop in infancy and may operate on an unconscious or conscious level. Kelly devised _______ to help clients “try on” and adopt alternative personal constructs
A
bipolar; fixed-role therapy
19
Q
What is interpersonal therapy’s view of maladaptive behaviour?
A
maladaptive behaviour is related to problems in social roles and interpersonal relationships (often traceable to a lack of strong attachments early in life)
20
Q
Interpersonal therapy: 4 primary problem areas of interpersonal functioning
A
- unresolved grief
- interpersonal role disputes
- role transitions
- interpersonal deficits
21
Q
Mediating variables that affect motivation at different stages of change
A
- decisional balance
- self-efficacy
- temptation
22
Q
4 general principles of motivational interviewing
A
- express empathy
- develop discrepancies between current behaviour and personal goals and values
- roll with resistance
- support self-efficacy
23
Q
Interventions ordinarily address one or more of four problem areas –unresolved grief, interpersonal role disputes, _______, and/or interpersonal deficits
A
role transitions
24
Q
A person in the _____ stage intende to take action within the next six months, while the person in the maintenance stage has maintained a behaviour change for at least ____ months
A
contemplation; six
25
Motivational Interviewing combines the transtheoretical model with elements of ____ and Bandura's notion of self-efficacy
client-centered therapy
26
As defined by Murray Bowen, an "emotional triangle" serves which of the following functions?
It reduces anxiety and tension between family members.
27
A structural family therapist would most likely use what technique when working with a family consisting of a mother and father who constantly argue, a teenage son who is overly dependent on his mother, and a 9-year-old daughter who has asthma and other physical symptoms?
blending with the family by adopting its language, behaviors, and style
28
During an argument, a husband and wife keep trying to outdo one another in terms of insults. This is one of the possible outcomes of:
symmetrical communication
29
What is one negative outcome of symmetrical communication?
the communicators have equal status, but at times, this may escalate into a "one-upsmanship" game.
30
What is triangulation?
Though originally defined as involving parents and a child, triangulation can also refer to any triad in which two parties attempt to involve a third party in their conflict and demand the third party's loyalty.
31
How do practitioners of structural family therapy view maladaptive behaviour?
Maladaptive behaviour is related to boundaries that are either too rigid or overly diffuse
32
What is a stable coalition?
occurs when a parent and child consistently "gang up" against the other parent
33
Family therapies are consistent with a Kantian tradition and reflect a _____ view of causality and a relational, contextual, relativistic perspective
reciprocal
34
The earliests contributors of family therapy include _____, who was a child psychiatrist who eventually became known as the "grandfather of family therapy" and gregory Bateson who is frequently cited for his work on the role of _____ communication in the development of schizophrenia
Ackerman, Double-bind
35
In symmetrical communication, participants are _____, while in _______ communication, participants are unequal and the differences between them are maximized
equal; complementary
36
Practitioners of structural family therapy view maladaptive behaviour as being related to ________ that are too rigid or, at the other extreme, overly diffuse. In the former situation, family members are disengaged; in the latter they are ______
Boundaries; enmeshed
37
a ____ is occurring when a parent and child consistently "gang up" against the other parent.
stable coalition
38
A first step in structural family therapy is _____, which entails "blending" with the family by adopting it's style
joining
39
Strategic family therapy emphasizes the role of ______ in maladaptive behaviour and, in particular, how it is used to control one's relationships
communication
40
paradoxical interventions are designed to use a client's ______ in a constructive way.
resistance
41
a(n) _____ is an unpleasant task that a client must perform when he/she engages in symptomatic behaviour, while _____ involves relabeling a symptom to give it a more positive meaning
ordeal; reframing
42
Milan systemic family therapists utilize several techniques including hypothesizing, neutrality, and circular questions, which are used to help family members recognize differences in their _________
perceptions
43
Behavioural family therapies make use of the principles of operant conditioning, social learning theory, and social exchange theory to alter the ______ that are maintaining problematic behaviours
antecedents and consequences
44
systemic and behavioural family therapies primary focus is the ____and ____ skills of family members
communication and problem-solving
45
for object-relations family therapists, maladaptive behaviour is the result of both _____ factors, and a goal of therapy is to resolve each family member's attachment to family
introjects
46
Self-in-relation theory is an approach to feminist object relations theory and differs from traditional object relations theory in:
its explanation of gender differences in terms of same-gender versus opposite-gender influences in the mother-child relationship
47
what are the most curative factors provided in group therapy (stated as most important by group members)?
interpersonal input, catharsis, self-understanding, and cohesiveness
48
which curative factors of group therapy are rated as least important to group members?
family re-enactment, guidance, identification
49
how does one reach the "antechamber of change" in group therapy
learn what their behaviour is like, how it makes others feel, how it influences opinions others have of you, and how it affects your opinion of yourself
50
How do feminist therapy and non-sexist therapy differ?
feminist therapists prioritize the role of social/political factors, whereas non-sexist therapist focus on individual factors and personal behaviour
51
what is an essential feature of hypnosis?
subjective experiential change
52
_______ preventions emphasize early detection and intervention and target specific individuals
secondary
53
_____ preventions make in intervention available to all members of a particular group or population
primary
54
______ prevention programs are aimed at reducing the duration and consequences and evaluation of the costs and benefits of making a particular response
tertiary
55
______ consultation targets the consultee's skills, knowledge, or objectivity so that the consultee can be more successful in dealing with a particular population or group of clients
consultee-centered case
56
_____ consultation involves working with one or more administrators to resolve problems related to an existing program
program-centered administrative
57
______ consultation helps administrators improve their professional functioning with regard to program development and implementation
consultee-centered administrative
58
Theme interference
a type of transference that occurs when a past unresolved conflict related to a particular type of client or circumstance is evoked by and interferes with the consultee's current situation
59
According to the Health belief model, health behaviours are influenced by what 3 things?
1) readiness to take action
2) cost/benefit analysis
3) internal and external cues that trigger a response to take action
60
4 stages of consultation
- Entry
- Diagnosis
- Implementation
- Disengagement
61
Difference between consultation and supervision
-in supervision, the supervisor is in a position of power and both parties are often in the same profession
62
Based on his review of the psychotherapy outcome studies, Hans Eysenck (1952) concluded that:
untreated patients are often "better off" than treated patients in terms of symptom improvement.
63
Based on the results of his review of literature, Eysenck concluded that the apparent benefits of psychotherapy are due to ______. His conclusion was based on the finding that 72% of no-treatment control group patients improved, while ____% of patients receiving eclectic therapy and 44% receiving psychoanalytic psychotherapy showed a substantial improvement in symptoms
spontaneous remission; 66
64
According to Howard et al., the duration of therapy has a positive correlation with outcomes, at least up to about _____ sessions, when the relationship begins to "level off"
26
65
The research has found that about ______% of therapy clients from racial/ethnic minority groups drop out after the first session compared to 30% of white clients
50
66
The term _____ was originally used to describe the tendency of health practitioners to attribute all problems to mental retardation in individuals with this diagnosis
diagnostic overshadowing
67
In the context of psychotherapy, the goal of an _____ intervention is to make changes in the individual's environment, while the goal of an _____ intervention to change the individual
alloplastic; autoplastic
68
Emic orientation
culture specific; involves understanding the culture from the perspective of members of that culture
69
Etic orientation
culture-general; assumes that universal principles can be applied to all cultures
70
High context communication
relies heavily on non-verbal cues and group understanding; helps unify a culture and is slow to change
71
Low context communication
relies on explicit, verbal communication; is less unifying an can change rapidly and easily
72
American Indians generally exhibit a consensual _____ form of social organization and view mental health problems as the result of ______ with nature.
collateral; disharmony
73
_____ involves maintaining one's own (minority) culture while also incorporating many aspects of the dominant culture
integration (biculturalism)
74
According to Wrenn, culturally _____ counsellors define everyone's reality according to their own cultural assumptions and stereotypes
encapsulated
75
heterosexism
includes beliefs about gender, morality, and sexuality that define sexual minorities as deviant or threatening and is inherent in language, laws. and other cultural institutions
76
Sexual Stigma
shared knowledge that creates a power differential in which homosexuality is inferior to heterosexuality
77
sexual prejudice
refers to negative attitudes that are based on sexual orientation
78
Dissonance
the second stage of Atkinson, Morten, and Sue's Racial/Cultural Identity development model --characterized by confusion and conflict
79
Resistance and Immersion
The third stage of Atkinson, Morten, and Sue's Racial/Cultural Identity development model-- involves active rejection of the dominant group.
This is followed by the introspection stage, and finally, the stage of integrative awareness
80
The current version of Cross's Black Racial Identity Model proposes that identity development for African Americans involves four stages. During the initial ____ stage, racial identity has low salience. Exposure to one or more race-related events leads to the ____ stage, which is characterized by greater racial/cultural awareness. This is followed by Immersion-Emersion, and then ______
Pre-encounter; Encounter; Internalization
81
Helm's White Identity model: Initial contact status, followed by ______, in which increasing awareness of racism leads to confusion and emotional conflict
Disintegration
82
Troiden's model of homosexual identity development involves four stages:
- sensitization/feeling different
- self-recognition/identity confusion
- identity assumptions
- commitment/identity integration
83
what are the 3 overlapping stages of Meichenbaum's stress inoculation trianing?
1. conceptualization
2. Skill acquisition and rehearsal
3. Application and follow-through
84
what are the 5 steps of Meichenbaum's self-instructional training?
1. cognitive modelling
2. overt external guidance
3. overt self-guidance
4. faded overt self-guidance
5. covert self-instruction
85
Collaborative empiricism
best describes the therapeutic relationship in Beck’s CBT—in which the therapist and client work together to identify treatment goals, reality test the client’s beliefs, and derive a plan to resolve the client’s problems
86
what type of therapy distinguishes between clean and dirty pain/discomfort
ACT
87
Parataxic distortion
perceiving others, not on the basis of their actual attributes, but on expectations developed from past interpersonal relationships
(similar to transference--but this is the term used in interpersonal psychotherapy)
88
Object constancy
the ability to maintain a positive connection to a significant other even when he/she is not gratifying one’s immediate needs.
89
3 stages of developing object constancy
1. Normal Autistic stage
2. Normal Symbolic stage
3. Separation-individuation stage
90
4 substages of separation-individuation for object constancy to develop
* Differentiation
* Practicing
* Rapproachment
* Object constancy
91
Reality therapy identified psychopathology as a result of:
the adoption of a failure identity
92
What are the 5 basic innate needs (according to Reality therapy)
1. love and belonging
2. power
3. freedom
4. survival
93
Boyd Franklin’s Multisystems Model
involves intervening in numerous systems and at multiple levels that include the individual, his/her immediate and extended family, nonblood relatives and friends, church and community services, and social service agencies.
94
Sue and Sue –worldview
“affects how we perceive and evaluate situations and how we derive appropriate actions based on our appraisal”
-locus of control and locus of responsibility are affected by culture
95
positive and negative feedback loops
- Positive feedback loops amplify change and disrupt the status quo can lead to breakdowns or promote appropriate change
- Negative feedback loops resist change and help a system maintain the status quo
96
A young man complains that “everyone at work hates me.” His therapist says it may be true that his coworkers hate him and asks him to list the ways they have expressed their hate. The therapist is using which paradoxical technique?
Positioning
97
which paradoxical technique involves encouraging family members not to change or warning them not to change too quickly.
restraining
98
Which type of family therapy describes problematic behaviours and power struggles between family members as "dirty games"
Milan Systemic Family Therapy
99
Compared to effectiveness research on psychotherapy outcomes, efficacy research has better _____ validity, but worse ______ validity
internal; external
100
A practitioner of Freudian psychoanalysis is most likely to interpret the artistic endeavors of his client as a diversion of the client’s unacceptable aggressive urges and a manifestation of which defense mechanism?
sublimation
