Physiological

Question 1

Franz Gall

Answer 1

Believes that behavior, intellect, and personality might be linked to brain anatomy. Phrenology.

Question 2

Pierre Flourens

Answer 2

First person to study functions of the major sections of the brain by extirpation (surgical removal of parts of the brain).

Question 3

Johanenes Muller

Answer 3

Identified the law of specify nerve energies, which states that each sensory serve is excited by only one kind of energy, and the brain interprets any stimulation of that nerve as being that kind of energy.

Question 4

Herman von Helmholtz

Answer 4

First to measure the speed of a nerve impulse. He is often credited for transition of psychology into the field of natural sciences.

Question 5

Sir Charles Sherrington

Answer 5

First inferred the existence of synapses.

Question 6

Sensory neurons (afferent neurons)

Answer 6

Transmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord and brain. They transmit information through “afferent fibers”

Question 7

Motor neurons (efferent neurons)

Answer 7

Transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles. They transmit information through “efferent fibers”

Question 8

Walter Cannon

Answer 8

Pioneered word on the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Question 9

Brainstem

Answer 9

Consists of the hindbrain and midbrain

Question 10

Extrapyramidal motor system

Answer 10

The pathway through which the basal ganglia relays information about body position to the brain and spinal cord.

Question 11

Olds & Milner

Answer 11

Discovered that mild stimulation of the septal nuclei is intensely pleasurable and sexually arousing.

Question 12

Septal rage

Answer 12

Since the septal nuclei inhibits rage, if it is damaged, aggressive behavior goes unchecked and results in this vicious behavior.

Question 13

Convolutions

Answer 13

The bumps and folds of the cortex

Question 14

Association areas

Answer 14

Areas that combines input form diverse brain regions

Question 15

Projection areas

Answer 15

Areas that receive incoming sensory information or send out motor-impulse commands

Question 16

Hubel and Weisel

Answer 16

Advanced understanding of the visual cortex through their work where they inserted ultra-sensitive micro-electrodes into single brain cells to record their activity.

Question 17

Sodium potassium pump

Answer 17

The pump that keeps positively charged sodium ions out of the cell, as well as keeping potassium ions inside the cell; ultimately maintains the slight negative charge inside the cell membrane, the resting potential

Question 18

Action potential spike

Answer 18

The highest positive charge of an action potential reached after the the cell reaches the threshold and the membrane produces a rapid electrical impulse.

Question 19

Repolarization

Answer 19

When the cell’s original negative charge is restored, starting with hyperpolarization and eventually leading to resting potential

Question 20

Saltatory conduction

Answer 20

The efficient conduction along a myelinated axon. A new action potential is generated at each node of Ranvier, and it skips from node to node, which is faster than an impulse traveling down the axon.

Question 21

Binding

Answer 21

The process whereby a neurotransmitter fits and attaches itself on the receptor sites.

Question 22

Graded potential

Answer 22

A description of postsynaptic potentials on the dendrites, which is influenced by how much the receptor sites are stimulated by neurotransmitters.

Question 23

Eric Kandel

Answer 23

Studied simple networks in see slugs, and found out about habituation.

Question 24

Phenothiazines

Answer 24

Antipsychotics thought to reduce the sensitivity of dopamine receptors in psychosis.

Question 25

Monoamine theory of depression

Answer 25

Undersupplies of serotonin and norepinephrine cause depression

Question 26

Synergistic

Answer 26

When drugs are additive in effect (stronger when combined, like alcohol and barbiturates adding to induce coma)

Question 27

Anterior pituitary

Answer 27

The master of the pituitary since it releases hormones that regular activities of endocrine glands

Question 28

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Answer 28

When the fetus does not produce or cannot use androgens, and development follows the female pattern, regardless of chromosomal genetic sex.

Question 29

Gonadotropins (gonadotropic hormones)

Answer 29

Activate dramatic increase in the production of hormones by the testes (stimulates them to increase testosterone) or ovaries (stimulate them to secrete estrogen).

Question 30

Penfield

Answer 30

Electrically stimulated parts of the brain to map out different areas on the brain’s surface.

Question 31

A.R. Luria

Answer 31

A Russian neurologist, who is the most important name to associate with the study of neuropsychological disorders

Question 32

REM rebound

Answer 32

When people who have been deprived of REM sleep, they compensate for the loss of REM sleep by spending more time than usual in REM sleep