Physiological Flashcards
Ejection fraction =
Amount of blood out of ventricle / tot amount of blood in ventricle
Explain the Bohr shift
It is a shit to the right
When there is an increase in CO2
It causes a reduction of affinity to oxygen
Myogenic
The capacity of the heart to generate its own impulses
Factors of slow twitch (type 1)
Have a high mitochondrial density
High myoglobin
Slower contraction
Better adapted for aerobic excersise
Fast muscle fibres (type 2x)
More force produced
Higher fatigue
Low mitochondrial density
White in colour
What is the all or none law
His nerves either fire all at once or none at all
Spatial summation
When the length of contraction changes altering the number and size of contraction
Wave summation
A repeated nerve impulse with no time to relax in between - sustained contraction
What do muscle spindles do
Detect change in length
Cause muscle to contract preventing overstretching
Golgi tendon role
They detect increased tension in the muscles
Will detect overstretching causing the muscle to relax
Isometric contraction
No change in length to muscles - plank
Isotonic concentric contraction
Shortening of the muscle - quad in upward phase of squat
Isotonic eccentric contraction
The lengthening of the muscle
The 4 main stages in the aerobic system
Glycolysis
Acetyl COA
Kerb cycle
Electron transfer system
Vitamin B1
Cereals / lentils
Converts food to energy
Helps with metabolism
Maintains healthy bones
Vitamin c
Fruits
Protects cells
Maintains bones
Vitamin d
Sun exposure
AIDS healthy bones
Vitamin B2+B3
Dairy products
Breaks down and releases energy
Maintains nervous system
B6
Meat and fish
Helps form haemoglobin
Helps body use and store proteins
Vitamin b12
Red meat and dairy products
Helps make red blood cells
Calcium
Dairy foods
Strong bones
Efficient muscle functions
Iron
Red meat
Helps form haemoglobin
Oxygen has a better affinity to red blood cells
Sodium
Salts
Helps regulate fluid levels in the body
What is the effectiveness of caffeine
Increases mental alertness
Reduces fatigue
Fats can be used as energy
Causes dehydration and loosing of fine control
What is the effectiveness of creatine
Aims to improve muscle mass
Provides atp
Can hinder aerobic performance
Causes muscle cramps
What is the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate
It can delay fatigue
Reduces acidity in the muscles
Can cause vomiting and cramps
Why do performers take drugs
Peer pressure
Win at all cost s
Not enough detterants
Poor role models
How to decrease the use of drugs in sport
Educating people
Bigger punishments
New testing
Name and shame negative role models
Why take anabolic steroids
Aid storage of protein
Promote muscle growth
Less fat in the muscle
Can train for longer harder
Can cause liver damage , loss of testosterone
Beta blockers
Help calm individual
Improves accuracy and presision
They keep heart rate low
Can cause tiredness and slower hr affecting aerobic capacity
EPO
Natural hormone that produces red blood cells
Increases oxygen carrying capacity
Can cause blood clotting and strokes
Factors affecting stability
Height
Area of base
Positio; of line of gravity
Mass of performer
What is periodisation
Dividing the training year into different sections
What is tapering
Reducing the volume of training prior to the competitions
Peaking
Organising training so that a performer is at their peak bot( physically and mentally
What is PNF
Develops flexibility
Passive stretching
CRAC
How can hyperbaric chamber aid a performer
Increased pressure of oxygen
Increase in haemoglobin saturation
Increase oxygen dissolved in plasma so more to. The injured sight
What is cryotherapy
Cooling treatment
Causes vasoconstriction
When u leaves causes vasodilation allowing fresh o2 to the injured sight
Hydrotherapy
Water treatment
Decreases the pressure on the weight bearing muscles
Helps with muscle relaxation
Forces in linear motion
Vertical forces - reaction force + weight
Horizontal force - frictional force and air resistance
What is angular motion
Movement around a fixed position
Dependant on distribution of mass
To go slower move away from the centre line
Factors affecting projectiles
Speed of release
Height of release
Angle of release
What is parabola
A curve which matches I
On both sides
How to reduce drag
The velocity of the moving body
The cross section area
Shape and surface
The two types of drag
Surface drag -friction between surface and fluid environment
Form drag - forces affecting an object to increase form drag and force
What is the Bernoulli’s principle
Where air molecules exert lower pressure the faster they travel
Epoc
The amount of oxygen consumed during recovery and rest period
What is the fast component in EPOC
Restoration of ATP and desaturation of myoglobin
What is the slow component of EPOC
removal of lactic acid and glycogen replenishment
How can you work out energy expenditure
Indirect calorimetry - calculates heat in physical changes
Lactate sampling - how much lactate is present In blood
Spirometer
Partial pressure
The pressure excreted by an individual gas when it exits
Moment of intertia
Is the distribution of the mass from the axis of rotation
Moment of intertia
Is the distribution of the mass from the axis of rotation
Angular velocity
The rate of rotation motion around axis of rotation
