PhysioLec - MT Terminologies Flashcards
ability of the cell to move towards or away from a chemical source
chemotaxis
term for liver cells
hepatocytes
state of equilibrium of the body
homeostasis
3 controls that regulate body functions
nervous, humoral/hormonal, special control
one of the most powerful activators of sympathetic vasoconstrictor system, acts as an emergency pressure control system
CNS ischemic response
the sugar component of RNA
ribose
this mechanism involves no energy and moves molecules from higher to lower concentration
diffusion
components of ECF
large amount of of Na+ Cl- bicarbonate ions
nerve where nerve impulses from baroreceptors pass through
vagus nerve
the stage where a cell is in its negative state
resting stage
this nucleotide base is only found at mRNA
uracil
this enzyme ceases the contraction of smooth muscle
myosin phosphatase
term for contraction of heart muscles
systole
term for relaxation of heart muscle
diastole
this action is done by jumping of action potentials from node of ranvier to another node
saltatory conduction
blood vessels are innervated by what
sympathetic nerve fibers
what neurotransmitter usually excites the nerves that innervates the blood vessels
norepinephrine
this process uses DNA strand as a template to start the protein synthesis
transcription
performance of acetylcholine (Ach) on organs innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers
relaxation
the structure of sarcolemma receives the depolarization and transmits it to deeper parts of muscle fibers
T-tubules
components of ICF
K+ Mg++PO4
where does ATP come from during muscular contraction
mitochondria
this structure covers the active site of actin
tropomyosin
this is the active site of myosin
myosin head
what are the structural parts of actin filaments
F-actin and tropomyosin
this is the end point of each sarcomere
z-disk
this receptor is responsible for detecting changes in tension of arteries
baroreceptor
what receptor is located at T-tubules that signals another receptor when it senses a change in voltage
dihydropyridine receptor
what is the protein inside sarcoplasmic reticulum that holds the calcium molecules
calsequestrin
characteristics of sodium potassium pump
3Na, 2K, ATPase
what enzyme destroy acetylcholine
acetylcholinesterase
what enzyme destroys norepinephrine
catechol-O-methyltransferase
where do calcium ions bind in smooth muscles once they are released from sarcoplasmic reticulum
calmodulin
the more work is done the more work ATP is cleaved off, this phenomenon is believed to be
fenn effect
what enzyme causes phosphorylation of myosin head of smooth muscle
myosin light chain kinase
what makes the T-tubules of the cardiac muscles more effective at collecting calcium ions
mucopolysaccharides
what is the RNA that contains the anticodons which is complimentary to the RNA strand inside the ribosome
tRNA
give the purine bases
adenine & guanine
what enzyme binds the peptide binds together
peptidyl transferase
give the pyrimidine bases
Cytosine & Thymine
this type of secondary active transport transmits 2 different substances from opposite sides
counter transport
this type of secondary active transport transmits a molecule along with another molecule in the same direction
co-transport
pores of water molecules
aquaporins
origin of peroxisome
smooth ER
where do lysosomes come from
golgi apparatus
this is the term when antibodies attaches to bacteria to make bacteria susceptible to a phagocyte
opsonization
this type of channel/ gate changes its shape or conformation due to electrical changes
voltage-gated channels
this type of channel/gate changes its permeability when a chemical/ substance binds to it
ligand gated channel
true or false: alpha and beta receptors are voltage-gated channels
false, uses G proteins
term for the contraction in tubular organs such as esophagus and intestine
peristalsis
period when the charge of cell is disturbed by a stimulus; addition of positive charge
depolarization
period when the interior of the cell regain its negativity
repolarization
concerned with the normal function of living organisms. It is also concerned with the living organisms’ parts and their main functions.
physiology
basic unit of life
cell
engulfment of smaller/ fine particles (cell drinking)
pinocytosis
engulfment of larger particles (cell eating)
phagocytosis
five protoplasmic contents of a cell
water, ions, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
two parts of proteins
structural and functional proteins
a loose coat of carbohydrates at the surface of the cell
glycocalyx
solid parts of blood
RBC, WBC, platelets
lipids designed for the nutrition of the cell
triglycerides or neutral fats
liquid part of blood
plasma
Fluid located inside the cell
intracellular fluid
located outside the cell
extracellular fluid
the one that detects any change in a certain environment. It monitors the environment and responds to any change caused by a stimulus
receptor
produces a change to a variable (the factor being regulated).
stimulus
information travels along the (afferent) pathway to the control center. The control center determines the appropriate response and course of action.
input
information sent from the control center down the (efferent) pathway to the effector.
output
balances out the original stimulus to maintain homeostasis
response
controls the internal organs of the body (smooth and cardiac muscle cells).
autonomic nervous system
composed of Hormones that are considered as regulatory substances produced in an organ, cell, and/ tissue of the body.
hormonal system
called as such due to the fact that the result of the mechanism is opposite/ negative to the initiating stimulus.
negative feedback mechanism
the nervous system is composed of:
Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal Cord), Peripheral Nervous system (Sensory and Motor Nerves), and Autonomic Nervous System (Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System).
the output enhances the original stimulus
positive feedback mechanism
is a double helical strand composed of a chain of nucleotides
deoxyribonnucleic acid (DNA)
The outside strands are composed of
phosphoric acid and deoxyribose sugar
is the actual reading of the code in the mRNA located in the polyribosomes
translation
during the process of transcription, a RNA copy of DNA segment is used to form a
mRNA
the internal molecules connecting the two strands of the helix are
purine and pyrimidine bases
means “creation of electrical charges” on the two sides of the cell membrane (- inside) (+ outside).
membrane potential
a mechanism that allows movement of 3Na+ ions outside the cell and 2 K+ ions in , this creates additional negativity inside due to the difference between the number of ions moving in and out of a cell = -4 mv.
Na+ K+ pump mechanism
is the source of Innervation of a skeletal muscle cell
motor neuron
the cell membrane of a motor nerve It is also made up of alternating bilipid layer and proteins like Na+ and K+ channels
neurolemma
is also called motor neuron and it is responsible for the stimulation of a skeletal muscle.
motor nerve cell
is the cytoplasm of a motor nerve (= -90mv when at rest)
axoplasm
is the body of a motor nerve
axon
is the nerve ending (a bulb like structure) at the terminal part of the axon containing several vesicles (acetylcholine vesicles/ synaptic vesicles
axon terminal
present in the axoplasm of the axon terminal and contain several Acetylcholine/Ach, which act as neurotransmitter substances to open the Ach gated Na+ channels on the surface of Sarcolemma
acetylcholine vesicles/ synaptic vesicles
is a functional unit of the Muscular system.
muscle fiber
a cytoplasm of a muscle cell
sarcoplasm
a cell membrane of a muscle cell
sarcolemma
(contains DHP receptors that are linked to calcium releasing channels) (Ryanodine receptor channels)- for the storage of Calcium (the SR’s membrane contains plenty of Ca+ channels and Ca+ pump carrier proteins)
sarcoplasmic reticulum
are the contractile structures of a muscle cell. They are arranged in alternating Light and Dark Bands (I bands)
myofibrils
the backbone of Actin filament
F-actin
the active site of the actin filament
G-actin
for attachment w/ actin
troponin i
for attachment w/ Tropomyosin
troponin t
where the head is attached
myosin arm
for attachment w/ Ca++ (Troponin-Ca++ attachment is said to be responsible for the initiation of muscular contraction.)
troponin c
covers the active site of actin filaments, so that it will NOT bind with myosin which results to the hindrance of contraction process
tropomyosin
is an enzyme present on the head of the myosin filament and responsible for cleaving off ATP into ADP and P1; thus, providing energy for muscle contraction
ATPase
is the tilting of the head towards the arm of a myosin filament
power stroke
each myosin molecule composed of:
myosin head, myosin arm, myosin tail
flexible part of myosin molecule
hinge
