PhysioLec - FE Terminologies Flashcards
true or false: tissues have to be supplied with CO2 and
nutrients. They also have to remove the waste products
of metabolism.
false, tissues have to be supplied with O2 (not CO2)
true or false: circulation’s function is to conduct hormones from one organ to another and to regulate the electrolyte balance and acid-base balance
true
also known as lesser circulation; supplies blood from
the heart’s right ventricle to the pulmonary artery which branches into smaller arterioles and capillaries to the lungs
pulmonary circulation
pulmonary circulation supplies blood form the heart’s right ventricle to the ________________ which branches into smaller arterioles and capillaries to the lungs.
pulmonary artery
supplies blood from the heart’s left ventricle to the aorta and its branches to all organs/ tissues in the body
except the lungs.
systemic circulation
blood, in turn, will be distributed to different tissues or organs of the body thru what
blood vessels
systemic circulation is also called
greater or peripheral circulation
a hollow muscular organ, regarded as the major pump of blood.
heart
four (4) chambers of the heart
right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle
receives blood from the vena
cava to the right ventricle
right atrium
a large vein that collects blood from the venules
vena cava
receives blood from the
pulmonary vein to the left ventricle
left atrium
pumps out blood into the pulmonary artery into the lungs
right ventricle
pumps out blood into the aorta
left ventricle
a large artery that supplies blood to different organs/tissues of the body
aorta
type of blood vessel transports blood (under high pressure) to the tissues and have strong vascular walls.
arteries
last small branches of arterial system that act as control valves through which the blood is released into the capillaries
arterioles
true or false: arterioles have strong muscular walls that can open and close (Relax or Constrict) in order to alter the blood flow in response to tissues’ needs
true
true or false: capillaries are responsible for one-way diffusion process
false, they are responsible for TWO-WAY diffusion process
are thin, porous blood vessel that allow the exchange of fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, and other substances between the blood Fluid (PLASMA) and interstitial fluid (ISF)
capillaries
collect blood from the capillaries and they gradually coalesce into larger veins.
venules
this type of blood vessels act as blood reservoirs and function as conduits for the transport of blood from the venules back to the heart
veins
true or false: the veins are well supplied with sympathetic nerve fibers; thus, they can increase the blood flow back to the heart when stimulated
true
is the force exerted by the blood against the wall of a vessel
blood pressure
is the amount of blood that flows in any point of the circulation at any given period of time
blood flow
determinants of blood flow
pressure difference on the 2 ends of a vessel and vascular resistance
factors affecting blood flow
blood hematocrit/Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and blood viscosity
types of blood flow
laminar blood flow/ streamline flow and turbulent blood flow
a new surge of blood in a vessel each time the heart beats
pulse
the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
pulse pressure
two major factors affecting pulse pressure
stroke volume output of the heart and total distensibility of the arterial tree (vessel compliance)
is the spaces in between cells
interstitium
fluid present in the interstitium (outside of the capillary)
interstitial fluid (ISF)
17 mmHg; allows an outward movement of fluid from blood capillary to interstitial fluid (ISF)
capillary pressure (CP)
negative pressure, allows fluid movement outward towards ISF; + pressure allows inward fluid movement towards blood capillary)
interstitial fluid pressure (ISFP)
28mmHg; causes movement of fluid inward towards blood capillary
plasma colloid osmotic pressure (PCOP)
8mmHg; causes movement of fluid outward towards ISF
interstitial colloid osmotic pressure (ISCOP)
serve as an alternative pathway for the excess fluid in the ISF to return to the circulation
lymphatics
pertains to the amount of blood that returns into the heart through veins
venous return
pertains to the amount of blood that is pumped out of the heart going to the major arteries
cardiac output
pertains to failure of the heart to pump out blood
cardiac failure
means generalized inadequate blood flow through the body to the point that the body tissues become damaged due to low oxygen and nutrients supply.
circulatory shock
a part of rbc which carries oxygen to the different tissues of the body
hemoglobin
this enzyme catalyze the reaction between CO2 and water to become Carbonic acid.
Carbonic anhydrases
decrease in the number of circulating RBC
anemia
main organ of production during second trimester of gestation
liver
increase in the number of circulating RBC
polycythemia
hematopoietic organs/ structures
yolk sac, bone marrow, liver
later part of gestation and after the birth of an individual
bone marrow
hormone required in the formation of production of RBC
erythropoietin
yellow color of urine if from
urobilin
fate of RBC after consuming its lifespan
- Eaten by Macrophages
- Autolysis (Intravascular Hemolysis)
- Hemolysis in the Mononuclear Phagocytic System or MPS (Extravascular Hemolysis)
are specialized macrophages
located in the liver, lining the walls of the sinusoids
kupffer cells
maturation factors of RBC
vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) and folic acid (Pteroylglutamic acid)
are the body’s mobile defenses and regarded as polymorphonuclear cells
leukocytes
areas for destruction of RBC
spleen, red bone marrow, and liver
two (2) groups of leukocytes
granulocytes and agranulocytes
types of granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
types of agranulocytes
monocytes and lymphocytes
4-8 hours in the circulating blood and 4-5 days in the tissues (to the areas where they are needed)
granulocytes
10-20 hours in the blood before their migration in the different tissues of the body to become the FIXED MACROPHAGES (tissue Macrophages)
monocytes
some enters in the different lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues for immune reaction
lymphocytes
cardinal signs of inflammation
- Pain
- Redness
- Heat
- Swelling (Edema)
- Loss of Function
important cells in combating inflamed tissues. They have several properties which are necessary in combating inflammation or infection
white blood cells
alignment of cells along the periphery of capillary
margination
a process by which cells squeeze themselves through the pores of capillary.
Diapedesis (Granulocytes and Monocytes)
movement of cells through the use of pseudopodia or false feet
amoeboid movement
mixture of dead neutrophils and macrophages (+) necrotic cells and tissue fluid
pus
in response to the substances formed at the site of injury; bacterial toxins, degenerative tissues, substances in reaction to complement system, and other substances
chemotaxis
two (2) effects of histamine
vasodilation of blood vessels
and bronchoconstriction
in case of allergy, basophils can form vasodilator substances like?
histamine and bradykinins
the ability of the body to resist foreign invaders
immunity
results from the general and physiological processes occurring in an individual
innate immunity
develops unless foreign body invades the individual thru active/passive Immunization
acquired immunity
such as Colostrum Intake, Blood Transfusion (Plasma convalescent transfusion), and Injection of HyperImmune SERUM.
passive immunization
formation of activated T lymphocytes or sensitized T cells (T helper cell, Cytotoxic/killer T cell, and Suppressor T cell/ regulatory T cell)
cellular immunity
immunoglobulins are produced by?
B lymphocytes and
plasma cell
also called immunoglobulins (Ig)
antibodies
immunoglobulin (commonly found in body secretions like tears and saliva)
IgA
bivalent Ig (antibodies with two binding site for attachment of antigen); most numerous immunoglobulins present in the serum
IgG
polyvalent Ig (antibodies with ten binding site ); First response Ig; Large Ig
IgM
bivalent Ig; numerous in cases of allergic and parasitic reactions
IgE
are substances having a molecular weight of more than 8000, were termed “foreign bodies” because they are not normally present in the body
antigens (Ag)
give the process on how an antibody attacks and antigen indirectly
● Opsonization and phagocytosis of an antigen
● Lysis
● Agglutination
● Neutralization
● Chemotaxis
● Activation of mast cells and basophils
● Inflammatory reaction
give process on how an antibody attacks and antigen directly
● Agglutination
● Precipitation
● Neutralization
● Lysis
pertains to the prevention of blood loss
hemostasis
vascular constriction causes what?
local myogenic spasm, autacoids
(Thromboxane A2), and nervous reflexes
to stimulate prothrombin activator and it started from the traumatized blood cells (platelets) upon contact with exposed collagen in the damaged vessel.
intrinsic way
deficiency in the number of
platelets
thrombocytopenia
to stimulate the prothrombin activator (it started from tissue trauma/damaged vessel)
extrinsic way
substance that promotes blood clotting
procoagulant
substance that hinders blood clotting
anticoagulant
examples of procoagulant
calcium, vitamin K, fibrinogen, and prothrombin
individuals suffering from bleeding tendency due deficiency of Anti hemophilic factor
hemophilia
classification of anticoagulant
physiological and commercially available
these are the substances normally present in the body that hinders the occurrence of coagulation process
physiological anticoagulant
give examples of physiological anticoagulant
heparin, antithrombin III, prostaglandins, heparin cofactor, protein C
these are the substances that can be bought in the market and commonly use in the laboratory
commercially available anticoagulant
give examples of commercially available anticoagulant
heparin (both physiological and commercially available) Coumarin, Warfarin, EDTA, Ca EDTA
are third group of blood cells that
originate from the Megakaryocytes
platelets
true or false: platelets are pliable and oval or coma shaped cells
true
true or false: platelets are approximately = 5,000-7,000 per microliter of blood (normal values vary in different animals).
false, 150,000- 300,000 microliter
contractile structures present in platelets
Actin and Myosin molecules and
Thrombosthenin
true or false: platelets have residual of ER and Golgi apparatus that can synthesize various enzymes and store
small quantities of anticoagulants
false, LARGE quantities of CALCIUM
the enzyme present in platelets synthesize what?
prostaglandins
Freefloating body, it will become thrombus over time, they can obstruct the blood flow
embolus
eating of fibrin, lyse the fibrin thread by macrophage
fibrinolysis
Coagulation process is marked by the presence of what
fibrin threads
repulses adherence of platelets to normal endothelium but causes adherence to damaged/ injure endothelial cells
glycoprotein
clotting factor I
fibrinogen
clotting factor II
prothrombin
clotting factor III
tissue factor
clotting factor IV
calcium
clotting factor V
proaccelerin
clotting factor VI
accelerin
clotting factor VII
proconvertin
clotting factor VIII
antihemophilic globulin A
clotting factor IX
christmas factor/ antihemophilic factor globulin B
clotting factor X
stuart prower factor
clotting factor XI
plasma thromboplastin antecedent/ antihemophilic globulin C
clotting factor XII
hageman factor
clotting factor XIII
fibrin-stabilizing factor
