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Physio 2 > physio must knows > Flashcards

physio must knows Flashcards

1
Q

explain the initiation stage of the conduction system

A

SA node exhibits audtorhythmicity and initiates AP

  1. Reaching threshold
    SLOW voltage gated Na+ open, Na+ comes in
  2. Depolarization of AP
    -FAST voltage gated Ca2+ open, Ca2+ comes in
    -membrane potential changes from -40mV to just above 0mV
  3. Repolarization
    -Ca2+ channels close, voltage gates K+ open so that K+ can flow out
    -membrane potential goes back to -60mV
    -Na+ channels open at -60Mv and it all restarts
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2
Q

explain the spread of AP stage of the conduction system

A

AP moves throughout atria and conduction system

    • AP is generated at SA node
      -AP spreads via gap junctions b/w cardiac mm cells throughout atria to AV node
  2. AP is delayed at AV before it passes to AV bundle within inter ventricular septum
  3. AV bundle conducts AP to left and right bundle branches, then to purkinje fibres
  4. AP spreads via gap junctions b/w cardiac mm cells throughout ventricles
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3
Q

explain the BP gradient

A

change in pressure from one end of the vessel to the other
-moves through blood vessels
- pressure is highest in arteries and lowest in veins

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4
Q

explain venous return

A

blood back to heart
depends on:
-pressure gradient
-skel mm pump
-resp pump

pressure gradient is small (BP is 20mm Hg in venues, 0 in vena cava)

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5
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization of SA node

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6
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization, atria are also repolarizing

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7
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

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8
Q

P-Q segment

A

atrial plateau (atria contract)

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9
Q

S-T segment

A

ventricular plateau (ventricles contract)

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10
Q

What is depolarization

A

changes in membrane potential/voltage to a higher value
-impulse from conduction system opens fast voltage gated Na+ channels
-Na+ enters cell changing membrane potential from -90mV to +30mV
-voltage gated Na+ channels inactivate

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11
Q

what is systolic BP

A

ventricular contraction
-highest pressure in arteries
its the 120 in the 120/80

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12
Q

what is diastolic BP

A

ventricular relaxation
-lowest pressure in arteries
its the 80 in the 120/80

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13
Q

pulse pressure

A

pressure in arteries added by heart contraction
-difference b/w systolic and diastolic
ex: 40mm Hg if 120/80
-reflects elasticity and recoil of arteries

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14
Q

what is MAP and explain it

A

Mean Arterial Pressure
-average arterial BP across entire cardiac cycle
-because diastole lasts longer than stole, mean is weighted to be closer to diastolic pressure

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15
Q

MAP formula & example

A

MAP=diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
ex:
BP=120/80
MAP= 80 + 40/3 = 93

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16
Q

what happens if map is under 60

A

indicates insufficient blood flow

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17
Q

what is capillary BP

A

pressure is no longer fluctuating b/w systolic and diastolic
-gotta be high enough for exchange of substances but low enough to not damage vessels

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18
Q

arterial end vs venous end - capillary BP

A

arterial end: 40mm Hg
venous end: below 20mm Hg

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19
Q

explain the function of the skeletal muscle pump

A

assists in venous return from limbs
-as muscles contract, veins are squeezed
- blood is pushed and valves prevent back flow
- blood is moved faster during exercise
-blood pools in leg veins w prolonged inactivity

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20
Q

1st electrical event of ECG

A

Atrial depolarization: muscle cells of atria are stimulated to contract

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21
Q

2nd electrical event of ECG

A

Atrial plateau: muscle cells of atria contract and relax

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22
Q

3rd electrical event of ECG

A

Atrial repolarization: not visible on ECG

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23
Q

4th electrical event of ECG

A

Ventricular depolarization: muscle cells of ventricles are stimulated to contract

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24
Q

5th electrical event of ECG

A

Ventricular plateau: muscle cells of ventricles contract and relax

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25
Q

Ventricular repolarization

A

T wave

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26
Q

6 Electrical events of ECG

A

atrial depolarization
atrial plateau
atrial repolarization

ventricular depolarization
ventricular plateau
ventricular repolarization

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27
Q

explain the frank starling law

A

as end diastolic volume (EDV increases, the garter the heart wall stretches, the more optimal overlap of thick and thin filaments
-heart contracts more forcefully when filled w more blood so SV increases

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28
Q

explain the general function of the endocrine system

A

transmits hormones through blood
-target cells have specific hormone receptors
-releases ligands (chemical messengers) to bind to cellular receptors on particular target cells

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29
Q

how are hormones secreted

A

ductless glands synthesize and secrete them

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30
Q

explain hormone transport

A

-hormones released into interstitial fluid and enter blood
-transport through blood
-randomly leave blood and enter interstitial fluid where hormone can bind to target cell receptors

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31
Q

4 general functions of the endocrine system

A
  1. regulate dev, growth, and metabolism
    -regulates embryonic cell division and differentiation
    - regulates anabolism and catabolism
  2. maintain homeostasis of blood composition/volume
    - hormones regulate solute concentrations, blood volume, and platelet #
  3. control digestive processes
    - influence secretory processes an movement of materials
  4. control reproductive activities
    -dev and function of systems and expression of sexual behaviours
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32
Q

what are the two types of hormones

A

lipid soluble
water soluble

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33
Q

what are lipid soluble hormones and how do they work

A

they use carrier proteins as they don’t dissolve in blood
-diffuse across target cell membrane cause they don’t dissolve in blood
-carriers = water soluble proteins made by liver that protect hormones from destruction
-small, non polar + lipophilic hormones w receptors cytosol or nucleus
-hormone enters cell, binds to receptor and forms Hormone Receptor Complex

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34
Q

give an example of a lipid soluble hormone

A

steroids
-lipid soluble molecules;es made from cholesterol
-gonadal steroids (estrogen) and adrenal cortex steroids (cortisol)

35
Q

what are water soluble hormones and how do they work

A

-they are polar
-most travel freely through blood but a few use carrier proteins

36
Q

give an example of a water soluble hormone

A

biogenic amines (monoamines): modified AA’s
-melatonin and thyroid (thyroid is lipid soluble tho bc its non polar)
proteins: most hormones + are water soluble chains of AA’s

37
Q

Function of growth hormone

A

-stimulate linear growth at epiphyseal plate
-muscle hypertrophy
-release stored nutrients into blood

38
Q

factors influencing growth hormone release

A

age
time of day
blood nutrient levels
stress

39
Q

growth hormone receptor

A

hypothalamus - it responds to stimuli

40
Q

growth hormone control centre

A

hypothalamus releases growth hormone - releasing hormone (GHRH) into the hypothalamo - hypophyseal portal system
1. anterior pituitary recieves GHRH and releases GH
2. GH stimulates hepatocytes to release insulin like growth factor (IGF’s) into blood
GH and IGF’s stimulate target cells/effetors

41
Q

growth hormone effectors

A

-increase bone and muscle growth due to increased cell division
-effects liver and adipose tissue

42
Q

growth hormone net effect

A

increased protein synthesis, cell division, cellular differentiation

43
Q

stimulus for TH release

A

hypothalamus stimulated by: decrease in TH or cold weather, pregnancy, high altitude, and hypoglycemia

44
Q

TH receptor

A

hypothalamus

45
Q

what is the release of TH controlled by

A

release of thyrotroponin - releasing hormone (TRH) from hypothalamus into hypothalamus-hypophyseal portal system

46
Q

explain the response to TRH

A
  1. anterior pituitary releases thyroid stimulating hormone
  2. TSH stimulates thyroid gland to release TH into blood
  3. TH acts on target cells
47
Q

TH effectors

A

-increased metabolic rate and glucose uptake in cells and neurons
-liver produces more glucose
-adipose tissue releases glycerol fatty acids and breathing/HR increase

48
Q

TH net effect

A

increase in:
-metabolic rate
-release of stored nutrients
-delivery of O2

49
Q

what is insulin released form

A

pancreas

50
Q

insulin is stimulated by what

A

increase in blood glucose levels

51
Q

insulin stimulus is received by what

A

beta cells in pancreas that detect increased blood sugars

52
Q

increased blood glucose is controlled by what

A

pancreas releasing insulin and stimulating target cells/effectors

53
Q

insulin effectors

A

-increased glycogenesis in liver to remove glucose from blood
-increased AA uptake in cells (muscle)
- increased uptake of glucose in most cells as they increase glucose transport proteins in plasma membrane

54
Q

insulin - NET effect

A

decreased blood glucose levels

55
Q

what inhibits the release of insulin when blood glucose is back to normal

A

negative feedback

56
Q

explain oxygen reserve

A

O2 remaining bound to hemoglobin after passing through systemic circulation
-provides a means for additional O2 to be delivered under increased metabolic demands ex: exercise

57
Q

briefly explain tissue gas exchange

A

exchange of respiratory gases b/w blood and systemic cells
-PO2 in skeletal muscle at rest and during exercise influence O2 release in tissue gas exchange

58
Q

PO2 number at rest vs during exercise

A

40mm Hg (rest)
20mmHg (exercise)

59
Q

briefly explain pulmonary gas exchange

A

exchange of gases b/w alveoli and blood
-PO2 within atmosphere at different elevations influences O2 binding during pulmonary gas exchange

60
Q

antidiuretic hormone function

A

-aids in increased water reabsorption by adding channels and vesicles containing aquaporins
-decreases urine output to increase blood volume and pressure

61
Q

release of ADH is stimulated by what

A

-release of angiotensin II when BP is low
-low BV
-increased blood osmolarity

62
Q

ADH stimulus is received by what

A

hypothalamus

63
Q

ADH control center

A

hypothalamus increases nerve signals to posterior pituitary to release ADH into blood

64
Q

ADH effectors

A

hypothalamus: activates thirst centre to increase fluid intake
kidneys: increase water reabsorption
blood vessels: vasoconstrict to increase peripheral resistance and increase BP

65
Q

ADH NET effect

A

increase BP
increase BV
decrease blood osmolarity

66
Q

Renin Angiotensin System

A

Angiotensin II stimulates thirst center to increase Bp and BP also decreases urine output

67
Q

Renin Angiotensin System stimulus

A

-low BP
-stimulation of sympathetic division

68
Q

Renin Angiotensin System receptor

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus responds to stimuli

69
Q

Renin Angiotensin System control centre

A

JG stimulates release of renin into blood
-renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
-angiotensin-converting enzyme then changes angiotensin I to II (active)

70
Q

Renin Angiotensin System effectors

A

-systemic blood vessels vasoconstrict
-kidneys decrease urine output and glomerular filtration rate
-hypothalamus stimulates thirst center and releases ADH from posterior pituitary to decrease urine output
-aldosterone released from adrenal cortex

71
Q

Renin Angiotensin System NET effect

A

BP increases

72
Q

what is the glomerulus

A

specialized bundle of capillaries that filter blood

73
Q

main function of glomerulus

A

forms filtrate as blood flows through it

74
Q

glomerulus location

A

in renal corpuscle of a kidneys nephron
-efferent and efferent arterioles drain blood into glomerulus
-filtrate from glomerulus drains into proximal convoluted tubule

75
Q

glomerular filtration

A

1st process of urine formation
-glomerular capillaries separate water and dissolved solutes from blood plasma
-water and solutes then enter capsular space of renal corpuscle due to pressure differences … these fluids are now called filtrate

76
Q

glomerular net filtration pressure

A

the hydrostatic pressure of blood in the glomerulus

77
Q

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

A

BP in glomerulus that pushes water and solutes out of glomerulus

78
Q

Krebs cycle key functions

A

-Two CO2 and 1 CoA produced
-1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 formed per cycle
-oxaloacetic acid involved in first step and regenerated in last step
-two turns for one glucose molecule
** 2ATP, 6NADH, 2 FADH2

79
Q

location of Krebs cycle

A

mitochondria

80
Q

is Krebs cycle aerobic or anaerobic

A

aerobic

81
Q

Krebs cycle initial substrate

A

Acetyl CoA

82
Q

regulation of Krebs cycle

A

-occurs at citrate synthase
-if energy demands high, levels of NADH, ATP, and pathway intermediates low
-if energy demands low, levels of substances higher

83
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide hormone (ANP)

A

helps regulate fluid output at kidney level

84
Q

function of ANP

A

increases urine output to decrease BP and BV
-releases as much fluid as possible
-vasodilator effect on kidney and control electrolyte homeostasis

Physio 2 (3 decks)

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