Physio lecture exam 2 Flashcards
Midbrain consists of what two dopaminergic systems?
Nigrostriatal system, mesolimbic system
What is the cerebellum needed for?
motor learning and coordinating movement of different joints during a movement
The medulla contains groupings of neurons required for?
breathing and cardiovascular responses (vital sensors)
The ascending fiber tracts convey sensory information from?
cutaneous receptors, proprioceptors (muscle/joint receptors), visceral receptors.
What are the two major groups of descending fiber tracts?
Corticospinal (pyrimidal) & extrapyramidal tract
Where do extrapyrimidal motor tracts originate from?
Brain stem.
How many cranial nerves are there and how many arise from neuron cell bodies and midbrain/hindbrain?
12 pairs of cranial nerves. 2 pairs arise from neuron cell bodies in forebrain and 10 pairs arise from midbrain/hindbrain.
How many pairs of spinal nerves?
31.
What is the dorsal and ventral root composed of?
Dorsal root is composed of sensory fibers. Ventral root is composed f motor fibers.
Which is the XII nerve?
Hypoglossal
Sensory/Motor
Tongue movements
What is the X nerve?
Vagus
supplies all thoracis/abdominal cavities
swallowing/larynx muscles
What is IX nerve?
Glossopharyngeal
taste, swallowing muscles, carotid artery receptors
What is XI nerve?
Accessory
shrug shoulders, trapezius muscles
What is VIII?
Vestibulocochlear
Sensory impulses associated with hearing/equilibrium
What is IV nerve?
Trochlear
Superior oblique muscle
What is V nerve?
Trigeminal
facial sensations
What is VI nerve?
Abducens
Lateral rectus muscle
What is VII nerve?
Facial
facial muscles, taste
When does divergence occur?
Within the sympathetic chain of ganglia
What does the adrenal cortex secrete?
steroid hormones
What does the adrenal medulla secrete?
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine.
Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter of?
All preganglionic fibers in sympathetic/parasympathetic
What is the transmitter released by most parasympathetic postganglionic fibers at their synapses with effector cells?
Acetylcholine
What is the neurotransmitter released by most postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers?
Norepinephrine.
The parasymptathetic effect on the iris (sphincter muscle) is
Constriction of pupil
The sympathetic effect on sweat is?
stimulation of secretion
The sympathetic effect on the adrenal medulla is?
stimulation of hormone secretion
Epinephrine/norepinephrine/dopamine are all derived from the amino acid tyrosine and are termed?
Catecholamines
Nerves that release NE are
adrenergic
The two major classes of receptors proteins are?
Alpha & beta adrenergic receptors
Organs without dual innervation
Sweat glands
Arrector pili muscles in skin
Adrenal medulla
Most blood vessels.
Amine hormones include
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroxine melatonin
Polypeptide and protein hormones include
ADH, GH, insulin, oxytocin, glucagon, ACTH, PTH
Glycoproteins include
FSH, LH
Steroid hormones include
Derived from cholesterol, testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, cortisol
Lipophilic hormones are
nonpolar hormones that are soluble in lipids, include steroid hormones, thyroid hormones
Steroid hormones are secreted by which two endocrine glands?
Adrenal cortex, gonads.
What does the adrenal cortex secrete?
corticosteroids
What do the gonads secrete?
sex steroids
Where is insulin produced?
the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of pancreas
2 hormones are ____ if they work together to produce an effect
synergistic
half life is
the time required for the blood to be reduced by half
target cells show____, ______, _____ for a hormone
specifity, high affinity, low capacity
Water soluble hormones use ______ because they cannot pass through the plasma membrane
cell surface receptors
Where is ADH/oxytocin produced and stored?
Produced in hypothalamus, stored in posterior pituitary gland
Growth hormone (GH) effect
promotes growth at epiphyseal plates of long bones, protein synthesis, and movement of amino acids into cells
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) effect?
Stimulates thyroid to produce and secrete T4/T3
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) effect?
stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol and aldosterone
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) effect?
stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and sperm production
Lutenizing hormone (LH) effect?
causes ovulation and secretion of testoserone in testis
Prolactin (PRL) effect?
Stimulates milk production by mammary glands
Release of anterior pituitary hormones is controlled by hypothalmic ________ and ______ and by ______ from levels of target gland hormones
releasing, and inhibiting factors, feedback
What carries the ADH/oxytocin to the posterior pituitary from the hypothalamus?
hypothalamo-hypophseal tract
The release of ADH and oxytocin from the posterior pituitary is controlled by?
neuroendocrine reflexes
The posterior pituitary gland is also known as the
neurohypophysis
_______ nuclei of hypothalamus produce ADH
______ nuclei of hypothalamus produce oxytocin
supraoptic,
paraventricular
Adrenal cortex is controlled by ______
ACTH
Adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones called corticoids, there functional categories are ______ ,________, _____
mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol) and sex steroids
Aldosterone is produced in ____ and acts to
zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex, stimulates kidneys to retain Na+ and water while excreting K+ in urine. This helps to increase blood volume, pressure and regulate blood electrolyte balance
Cortisole is produced in ____ and acts to
zona fasiculata of adrenal cortex and stimulates gluconeogenesis (production of glucose from amino acids and lactic acid), inhibit glucose utilization, which helps raise blood glucose levels, promote lipolysis (breakdown of fat)
“regulate metabolism”
Adrenal medulla secretes
epinephrine, norepinephrine
The hormones from the adrenal medulla …
increase cardiac output and heart rate, dilate coronary blood vessels, increase mental alertness, increase respiratory rate, elevate metabolic rate
Adrenal medulla is innervated by
preganglionic sympathetic axons
Under stressful conditions there is increased secretion of ____ from the anterior pituitary and thus there is increased secretion of ______ from adrenal cortex
ACTH, glucocorticoids
Stress causes a rise in the plasma ______ levels
glucocorticoid
What are the 3 stages in the response to stress?
GAS
- Alarm reaction-adrenal glands are activated
- Stage of resistance-readjustment occurs
- Stage of exhaustion-can lead to sickness, death
______ and______ inhibit immune response, thereby reducing damage due to inflammation
cortisol, glucocorticoids
Calcitonin role is to
regulate calcium levels of the bood.
People who are hypothyroid have n abnormally low _____ and experience ______
metabolic rate and experience weight gain and lethargy.
Hypothyroid refers to
people who have inadequate secretion of thyroid hormones
Excessive TSH secretion stimulates abnormal thyroid growth and the developmet of
goiter
What does the parathyroid hormone secrete?
parthyroid hormone which controls calcium levels of the blood and promotes a rise in blood calcium levels by acting on the bones, kidneys, intestines.
Alpha cells of pancreas secrete ______ beta cells secrete _____
glucagon, insulin.
Chronic stress can induce high levels of cortisol which have negative effects such as
atrophy of hippocampus, immune suppression, reduced sensitivity of tissue to insulin (insulin resistance), inhibition of vagus nerve activity, suppression of growth hormone, thyroid hormone
T3 & T4 are needed for
to set BMR, needed for growth, development
Glucagon effects..
stimulates gluconeogensis, lipolysis, raise blood glucose levels
Some prostaglandin effects
promote inflammatory process of immune system, plays role in ovulation, inhibits gastric secretion in digestive system
High fat = high ____
leptin levels, hypothalamus becomes resistant to leptin signal
What is reactive hypoglycemia?
oversecretion of insulin due to exaggerated response of beta cells to a rise in glucose
What gland produces calcitonin?
Parafollicular cells of thyroid gland
What consists of white matter?
myelin sheaths around axons in CNS
What composes gray matter?
cell bodies, dendrites
