Physio lecture exam 2 Flashcards by Amy A

Midbrain consists of what two dopaminergic systems?

Nigrostriatal system, mesolimbic system

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What is the cerebellum needed for?

motor learning and coordinating movement of different joints during a movement

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The medulla contains groupings of neurons required for?

breathing and cardiovascular responses (vital sensors)

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The ascending fiber tracts convey sensory information from?

cutaneous receptors, proprioceptors (muscle/joint receptors), visceral receptors.

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What are the two major groups of descending fiber tracts?

Corticospinal (pyrimidal) & extrapyramidal tract

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Where do extrapyrimidal motor tracts originate from?

Brain stem.

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How many cranial nerves are there and how many arise from neuron cell bodies and midbrain/hindbrain?

12 pairs of cranial nerves. 2 pairs arise from neuron cell bodies in forebrain and 10 pairs arise from midbrain/hindbrain.

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How many pairs of spinal nerves?

31.

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What is the dorsal and ventral root composed of?

Dorsal root is composed of sensory fibers. Ventral root is composed f motor fibers.

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Which is the XII nerve?

Hypoglossal
Sensory/Motor
Tongue movements

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What is the X nerve?

Vagus

supplies all thoracis/abdominal cavities
swallowing/larynx muscles

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What is IX nerve?

Glossopharyngeal

taste, swallowing muscles, carotid artery receptors

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What is XI nerve?

Accessory

shrug shoulders, trapezius muscles

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What is VIII?

Vestibulocochlear

Sensory impulses associated with hearing/equilibrium

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What is IV nerve?

Trochlear

Superior oblique muscle

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What is V nerve?

Trigeminal

facial sensations

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What is VI nerve?

Abducens

Lateral rectus muscle

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What is VII nerve?

Facial

facial muscles, taste

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When does divergence occur?

Within the sympathetic chain of ganglia

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What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

steroid hormones

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What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine.

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Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter of?

All preganglionic fibers in sympathetic/parasympathetic

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What is the transmitter released by most parasympathetic postganglionic fibers at their synapses with effector cells?

Acetylcholine

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What is the neurotransmitter released by most postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers?

Norepinephrine.

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The parasymptathetic effect on the iris (sphincter muscle) is

Constriction of pupil

The sympathetic effect on sweat is?

stimulation of secretion

The sympathetic effect on the adrenal medulla is?

stimulation of hormone secretion

Epinephrine/norepinephrine/dopamine are all derived from the amino acid tyrosine and are termed?

Catecholamines

Nerves that release NE are

adrenergic

The two major classes of receptors proteins are?

Alpha & beta adrenergic receptors

Organs without dual innervation

Sweat glands Arrector pili muscles in skin Adrenal medulla Most blood vessels.

Amine hormones include

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroxine melatonin

Polypeptide and protein hormones include

ADH, GH, insulin, oxytocin, glucagon, ACTH, PTH

Glycoproteins include

FSH, LH

Steroid hormones include

Derived from cholesterol, testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, cortisol

Lipophilic hormones are

nonpolar hormones that are soluble in lipids, include steroid hormones, thyroid hormones

Steroid hormones are secreted by which two endocrine glands?

Adrenal cortex, gonads.

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

corticosteroids

What do the gonads secrete?

sex steroids

Where is insulin produced?

the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of pancreas

2 hormones are ____ if they work together to produce an effect

synergistic

half life is

the time required for the blood to be reduced by half

target cells show____, ______, _____ for a hormone

specifity, high affinity, low capacity

Water soluble hormones use ______ because they cannot pass through the plasma membrane

cell surface receptors

Where is ADH/oxytocin produced and stored?

Produced in hypothalamus, stored in posterior pituitary gland

Growth hormone (GH) effect

promotes growth at epiphyseal plates of long bones, protein synthesis, and movement of amino acids into cells

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) effect?

Stimulates thyroid to produce and secrete T4/T3

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) effect?

stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol and aldosterone

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) effect?

stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and sperm production

Lutenizing hormone (LH) effect?

causes ovulation and secretion of testoserone in testis

Prolactin (PRL) effect?

Stimulates milk production by mammary glands

Release of anterior pituitary hormones is controlled by hypothalmic ________ and ______ and by ______ from levels of target gland hormones

releasing, and inhibiting factors, feedback

What carries the ADH/oxytocin to the posterior pituitary from the hypothalamus?

hypothalamo-hypophseal tract

The release of ADH and oxytocin from the posterior pituitary is controlled by?

neuroendocrine reflexes

The posterior pituitary gland is also known as the

neurohypophysis

_______ nuclei of hypothalamus produce ADH ______ nuclei of hypothalamus produce oxytocin

supraoptic, | paraventricular

Adrenal cortex is controlled by ______

ACTH

Adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones called corticoids, there functional categories are ______ ,________, _____

mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol) and sex steroids

Aldosterone is produced in ____ and acts to

zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex, stimulates kidneys to retain Na+ and water while excreting K+ in urine. This helps to increase blood volume, pressure and regulate blood electrolyte balance

Cortisole is produced in ____ and acts to

zona fasiculata of adrenal cortex and stimulates gluconeogenesis (production of glucose from amino acids and lactic acid), inhibit glucose utilization, which helps raise blood glucose levels, promote lipolysis (breakdown of fat) "regulate metabolism"

Adrenal medulla secretes

epinephrine, norepinephrine

The hormones from the adrenal medulla ...

increase cardiac output and heart rate, dilate coronary blood vessels, increase mental alertness, increase respiratory rate, elevate metabolic rate

Adrenal medulla is innervated by

preganglionic sympathetic axons

Under stressful conditions there is increased secretion of ____ from the anterior pituitary and thus there is increased secretion of ______ from adrenal cortex

ACTH, glucocorticoids

Stress causes a rise in the plasma ______ levels

glucocorticoid

What are the 3 stages in the response to stress?

GAS 1. Alarm reaction-adrenal glands are activated 2. Stage of resistance-readjustment occurs 3. Stage of exhaustion-can lead to sickness, death

______ and______ inhibit immune response, thereby reducing damage due to inflammation

cortisol, glucocorticoids

Calcitonin role is to

regulate calcium levels of the bood.

People who are hypothyroid have n abnormally low _____ and experience ______

metabolic rate and experience weight gain and lethargy.

Hypothyroid refers to

people who have inadequate secretion of thyroid hormones

Excessive TSH secretion stimulates abnormal thyroid growth and the developmet of

goiter

What does the parathyroid hormone secrete?

parthyroid hormone which controls calcium levels of the blood and promotes a rise in blood calcium levels by acting on the bones, kidneys, intestines.

Alpha cells of pancreas secrete ______ beta cells secrete _____

glucagon, insulin.

Chronic stress can induce high levels of cortisol which have negative effects such as

atrophy of hippocampus, immune suppression, reduced sensitivity of tissue to insulin (insulin resistance), inhibition of vagus nerve activity, suppression of growth hormone, thyroid hormone

T3 & T4 are needed for

to set BMR, needed for growth, development

Glucagon effects..

stimulates gluconeogensis, lipolysis, raise blood glucose levels

Some prostaglandin effects

promote inflammatory process of immune system, plays role in ovulation, inhibits gastric secretion in digestive system

High fat = high ____

leptin levels, hypothalamus becomes resistant to leptin signal

What is reactive hypoglycemia?

oversecretion of insulin due to exaggerated response of beta cells to a rise in glucose

What gland produces calcitonin?

Parafollicular cells of thyroid gland

What consists of white matter?

myelin sheaths around axons in CNS

What composes gray matter?

cell bodies, dendrites