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Physiology > Physio lecture exam 2 > Flashcards

Physio lecture exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Midbrain consists of what two dopaminergic systems?

A

Nigrostriatal system, mesolimbic system

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2
Q

What is the cerebellum needed for?

A

motor learning and coordinating movement of different joints during a movement

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3
Q

The medulla contains groupings of neurons required for?

A

breathing and cardiovascular responses (vital sensors)

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4
Q

The ascending fiber tracts convey sensory information from?

A

cutaneous receptors, proprioceptors (muscle/joint receptors), visceral receptors.

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5
Q

What are the two major groups of descending fiber tracts?

A

Corticospinal (pyrimidal) & extrapyramidal tract

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6
Q

Where do extrapyrimidal motor tracts originate from?

A

Brain stem.

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7
Q

How many cranial nerves are there and how many arise from neuron cell bodies and midbrain/hindbrain?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves. 2 pairs arise from neuron cell bodies in forebrain and 10 pairs arise from midbrain/hindbrain.

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8
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31.

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9
Q

What is the dorsal and ventral root composed of?

A

Dorsal root is composed of sensory fibers. Ventral root is composed f motor fibers.

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10
Q

Which is the XII nerve?

A

Hypoglossal
Sensory/Motor
Tongue movements

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11
Q

What is the X nerve?

A

Vagus

supplies all thoracis/abdominal cavities
swallowing/larynx muscles

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12
Q

What is IX nerve?

A

Glossopharyngeal

taste, swallowing muscles, carotid artery receptors

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13
Q

What is XI nerve?

A

Accessory

shrug shoulders, trapezius muscles

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14
Q

What is VIII?

A

Vestibulocochlear

Sensory impulses associated with hearing/equilibrium

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15
Q

What is IV nerve?

A

Trochlear

Superior oblique muscle

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16
Q

What is V nerve?

A

Trigeminal

facial sensations

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17
Q

What is VI nerve?

A

Abducens

Lateral rectus muscle

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18
Q

What is VII nerve?

A

Facial

facial muscles, taste

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19
Q

When does divergence occur?

A

Within the sympathetic chain of ganglia

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20
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

steroid hormones

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21
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine.

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22
Q

Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter of?

A

All preganglionic fibers in sympathetic/parasympathetic

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23
Q

What is the transmitter released by most parasympathetic postganglionic fibers at their synapses with effector cells?

A

Acetylcholine

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24
Q

What is the neurotransmitter released by most postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers?

A

Norepinephrine.

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25
Q

The parasymptathetic effect on the iris (sphincter muscle) is

A

Constriction of pupil

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26
Q

The sympathetic effect on sweat is?

A

stimulation of secretion

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27
Q

The sympathetic effect on the adrenal medulla is?

A

stimulation of hormone secretion

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28
Q

Epinephrine/norepinephrine/dopamine are all derived from the amino acid tyrosine and are termed?

A

Catecholamines

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29
Q

Nerves that release NE are

A

adrenergic

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30
Q

The two major classes of receptors proteins are?

A

Alpha & beta adrenergic receptors

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31
Q

Organs without dual innervation

A

Sweat glands
Arrector pili muscles in skin
Adrenal medulla
Most blood vessels.

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32
Q

Amine hormones include

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroxine melatonin

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33
Q

Polypeptide and protein hormones include

A

ADH, GH, insulin, oxytocin, glucagon, ACTH, PTH

34
Q

Glycoproteins include

A

FSH, LH

35
Q

Steroid hormones include

A

Derived from cholesterol, testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, cortisol

36
Q

Lipophilic hormones are

A

nonpolar hormones that are soluble in lipids, include steroid hormones, thyroid hormones

37
Q

Steroid hormones are secreted by which two endocrine glands?

A

Adrenal cortex, gonads.

38
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

corticosteroids

39
Q

What do the gonads secrete?

A

sex steroids

40
Q

Where is insulin produced?

A

the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of pancreas

41
Q

2 hormones are ____ if they work together to produce an effect

A

synergistic

42
Q

half life is

A

the time required for the blood to be reduced by half

43
Q

target cells show____, ______, _____ for a hormone

A

specifity, high affinity, low capacity

44
Q

Water soluble hormones use ______ because they cannot pass through the plasma membrane

A

cell surface receptors

45
Q

Where is ADH/oxytocin produced and stored?

A

Produced in hypothalamus, stored in posterior pituitary gland

46
Q

Growth hormone (GH) effect

A

promotes growth at epiphyseal plates of long bones, protein synthesis, and movement of amino acids into cells

47
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) effect?

A

Stimulates thyroid to produce and secrete T4/T3

48
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) effect?

A

stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol and aldosterone

49
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) effect?

A

stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and sperm production

50
Q

Lutenizing hormone (LH) effect?

A

causes ovulation and secretion of testoserone in testis

51
Q

Prolactin (PRL) effect?

A

Stimulates milk production by mammary glands

52
Q

Release of anterior pituitary hormones is controlled by hypothalmic ________ and ______ and by ______ from levels of target gland hormones

A

releasing, and inhibiting factors, feedback

53
Q

What carries the ADH/oxytocin to the posterior pituitary from the hypothalamus?

A

hypothalamo-hypophseal tract

54
Q

The release of ADH and oxytocin from the posterior pituitary is controlled by?

A

neuroendocrine reflexes

55
Q

The posterior pituitary gland is also known as the

A

neurohypophysis

56
Q

_______ nuclei of hypothalamus produce ADH

______ nuclei of hypothalamus produce oxytocin

A

supraoptic,

paraventricular

57
Q

Adrenal cortex is controlled by ______

A

ACTH

58
Q

Adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones called corticoids, there functional categories are ______ ,________, _____

A

mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol) and sex steroids

59
Q

Aldosterone is produced in ____ and acts to

A

zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex, stimulates kidneys to retain Na+ and water while excreting K+ in urine. This helps to increase blood volume, pressure and regulate blood electrolyte balance

60
Q

Cortisole is produced in ____ and acts to

A

zona fasiculata of adrenal cortex and stimulates gluconeogenesis (production of glucose from amino acids and lactic acid), inhibit glucose utilization, which helps raise blood glucose levels, promote lipolysis (breakdown of fat)

“regulate metabolism”

61
Q

Adrenal medulla secretes

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

62
Q

The hormones from the adrenal medulla …

A

increase cardiac output and heart rate, dilate coronary blood vessels, increase mental alertness, increase respiratory rate, elevate metabolic rate

63
Q

Adrenal medulla is innervated by

A

preganglionic sympathetic axons

64
Q

Under stressful conditions there is increased secretion of ____ from the anterior pituitary and thus there is increased secretion of ______ from adrenal cortex

A

ACTH, glucocorticoids

65
Q

Stress causes a rise in the plasma ______ levels

A

glucocorticoid

66
Q

What are the 3 stages in the response to stress?

A

GAS

  1. Alarm reaction-adrenal glands are activated
  2. Stage of resistance-readjustment occurs
  3. Stage of exhaustion-can lead to sickness, death
67
Q

______ and______ inhibit immune response, thereby reducing damage due to inflammation

A

cortisol, glucocorticoids

68
Q

Calcitonin role is to

A

regulate calcium levels of the bood.

69
Q

People who are hypothyroid have n abnormally low _____ and experience ______

A

metabolic rate and experience weight gain and lethargy.

70
Q

Hypothyroid refers to

A

people who have inadequate secretion of thyroid hormones

71
Q

Excessive TSH secretion stimulates abnormal thyroid growth and the developmet of

A

goiter

72
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone secrete?

A

parthyroid hormone which controls calcium levels of the blood and promotes a rise in blood calcium levels by acting on the bones, kidneys, intestines.

73
Q

Alpha cells of pancreas secrete ______ beta cells secrete _____

A

glucagon, insulin.

74
Q

Chronic stress can induce high levels of cortisol which have negative effects such as

A

atrophy of hippocampus, immune suppression, reduced sensitivity of tissue to insulin (insulin resistance), inhibition of vagus nerve activity, suppression of growth hormone, thyroid hormone

75
Q

T3 & T4 are needed for

A

to set BMR, needed for growth, development

76
Q

Glucagon effects..

A

stimulates gluconeogensis, lipolysis, raise blood glucose levels

77
Q

Some prostaglandin effects

A

promote inflammatory process of immune system, plays role in ovulation, inhibits gastric secretion in digestive system

78
Q

High fat = high ____

A

leptin levels, hypothalamus becomes resistant to leptin signal

79
Q

What is reactive hypoglycemia?

A

oversecretion of insulin due to exaggerated response of beta cells to a rise in glucose

80
Q

What gland produces calcitonin?

A

Parafollicular cells of thyroid gland

81
Q

What consists of white matter?

A

myelin sheaths around axons in CNS

82
Q

What composes gray matter?

A

cell bodies, dendrites

Physiology (6 decks)

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