Physio IBook Flashcards
The sympathetic preganglionic cell body is where?
CNS
The sympathetic postganglionic is activated by?
Ach at nicotinic receptors
The synapse between sympathetic pre and post ganglion is where?
In the ganglion
The parasympathetic postganglionic is releases?
Ach which binds muscarinic receptors
In the parasympathetic nervous system, what receptor deals with salivation and smooth muscle?
M1R
In the parasympathetic nervous system, what receptor deals with sweating and exocrine gland secretion?
M3R
In the parasympathetic nervous system, what receptor is found in SA node and decreases HR?
M2R
In the sympathetic nervous system, postganglionic release?
NE which binds adrenergic receptors
In the sympathetic nervous system, what receptor deals with smooth muscle contraction?
Alpha-adrenergic
In the sympathetic nervous system, what receptor deals with smooth muscle relaxation?
Beta-adrenergic
In the sympathetic nervous system, what receptor increases HR?
B1
In the sympathetic nervous system, what receptor deals with adipose and increases heat production?
B3
BP is carefully regulated by carotid and aortic baroreceptors (stretch receptors), if BP increases what ensues? If BP decreases?
1) Increase in stretch and AP
2) Decrease
Where do carotid and aortic baroreceptors (stretch receptors) synapse?
Solitary nucleus
The absorption of CSF is within what space?
Subarachnoid
What causes bulk flow of CSF into veins?
Arachnoid villi that extend into venous sinus
An increase in CSF pressure leads to?
Increase in absorption
What happens when you have an increase in pressure but a decrease in absorptive capacity of arachnoid villi?
Hydrocephalus
What causes blood flow to be blocked and the brain to use ANS to increase BP in order to drive blood through vessels?
An increase of intracranial pressure
What transporter is not insulin dependent, moves glucose from blood to CSF, and is located in endothelial cells of capillaries, astroglia, and podcytes?
Glut 1
What transporter is found on neurons and is insulin dependent?
Glut 2
What transporter is found on microglia?
Glut 5
The movement of 1 Na/ 1 K/ 2 Cl from CSF to blood is stimulated by?
Endothelin 1 and 3
What limits brain exposure to systemically delivered drugs?
P-Glycoprotein
What maintains ionic composition, protects from exo/endogenous poison and prevents escape of NT?
BBB
What are the parts of brain without good BBB?
Circumventricular organs
What does the circumventricular organ, posterior pituitary not have a BBB?
Due to hormone release
What does the circumventricular organ, Area Postrema not have a BBB?
So it can detect blood-born chemicals and induces vomit
What does the circumventricular organ, organum vasculosum of Lamina Terminalis (OVLT) not have a BBB?
Bc it’s an osmoreceptor for ADH
What does the circumventricular organ, subfornical organ not have a BBB?
Due to angiotensin and it activates thirst
When systemic BP increases this causes an increase in sympathetic activation, which increases NE, and causes vasoconstriction. Why is all this done?
Protect BBB
If perfusion pressure decreases, what will brainstem centers do?
Increase BP
A sign of increased ICP is?
Increased BP
What type of potential is excitatory, localized depolarization, and makes cell excitable more likely for AP to happen?
EPSP
What type of potential is inhibitory, localized hyperolaration, and less likelihood of AP?
IPSP
What receptor activates adenylate cyclase which increases CAMP and PKA?
Gs
What receptor inhibits adenylate cyclase which decreases CAMP and PKA?
Gi
What receptor activates PLC which activates IP3/PIP and DAG leading to an increase in Ca2+ release and the activation of PKC?
Gq
Of the four major pathways for dopamine, which one controls voluntary motion?
Substantia Nigra
Of the four major pathways for dopamine, which one goes from VTA to Nucleus Accumbens and is involved in pleasure/reward?
Mesolimbic
Of the four major pathways for dopamine, which one goes from VTA to cortex and is involved in attention and higher level of consciousness?
Mesocortical
Of the four major pathways for dopamine, which one goes from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary and in involved in decrease of prolactin release?
Tuberoinfundibular
What is found in locus coeruleus and is involved in wake-up and awareness?
NE
What is the hormone released by adrenal medulla?
Epi
What stores catecholamines and is found in adrenal medulla?
VMAT1
What stores catecholamines and is found in neuronal cells?
VMAT2
What inhibits VMAT1/2?
Reserpine
What NT is found in midline Raphe Nuclei, is derived from tryptophan, and is involved with attention and mood?
Serotonin
What serotonin receptor is only ionotropic and causes vomiting?
5HT3
What serotonin receptor is associated with Gi?
5HT1
What serotonin receptor is associated with Gq?
5TH2
What serotonin receptor has a high affinity for several anti-depressants?
5TH6
What serotonin receptor controls normal body weight and prevents seizures?
5HT2c
What degrades serotonin in order to remove it from the cleft?
MAO
What is found in tuberomammillary body and is involved in wakefulness?
Histamine
What Histamine receptor is located presynaptically and activation decreases histamine release?
H3
What Histamine receptor mediates neuronal effects of histamine?
H1 and H2
What degrades histamine in order to remove it from the cleft?
Diamine oxidase
What moves Ach to clear vesicles in order to control its release?
VAchT
What degrades Ach into choline (taken back up) and Acetate (diffuse away) in order to remove it from the cleft?
Acetylcholinesterase
What is found on smooth muscles and glands, activated by muscarine, and blocked by Atropine?
Muscarinic receptors
What muscarinic receptor is post-ganglionic ANS and CNS and is Gq?
M1
What muscarinic receptor is involved in cardiac and is Gi?
M2
What muscarinic receptor is found on smooth muscles of bronchi and vasculature and is Gq?
M3
What muscarinic receptor is found in presynaptic autoreceptor and striatum and is Gi?
M4
What muscarinic receptor is found in cerebral vasculature and basal ganglia and is Gq?
M5
Autoimmunity to GAD which converts glutamate to GABA causes what syndrome?
Stiff man syndrome
What GABA receptor is ionotropic, lots of variability, has CL- channels (IPSP) and benzos binds alpha subunit to increase Cl?
GABA (A)
What GABA receptor is metabotropic, decreases adenylate cyclase, interacts with Gq to decrease IP3/DAG and Ca2+?
GABA (B)
What GABA receptor is ionotropic and is found in the retina?
GABA (C)
What has receptors that have alpha and beta subunits, is ionotropic, and is blocked by strychnine?
Glycine
What degrades Adenosine into inosine in order to remove it from the cleft?
Adenosine deaminase
What adenosine receptor is metabotropic and can increase or decrease cAMP?
P1
What ATP receptor is ionotropic, has Na or Ca or both?
P2X
What ATP/ADP receptor is metabotropic and is Gq/Gi?
P2Y
What induces sleep and has feedback inhibition of ATP release?
Adenosine
What Opioid receptor increases K+ efflux and hyperpolarizes leading to analgesia, respiratory depression, constipation, euphora, sedation, increases GH/prolactin secretion, and miosis?
Mu
What Opioid receptor decreases Ca2+ influx leading to analgesia, miosis. diuresis, sedation, and dysphoria?
Kappa
What Opioid receptor decreases Ca2+ influx leading to analgesia?
Delta
What has a role in pain modulation, neuroprotection, and mood/appetite control?
Endocannabinoids
What endocannabinoid receptor is most abundant GPCR in brain, is Gi, decreases adenylate cyclase, binds 2AG and AEA equally, and decreases NT release/
CB1
What CB1 modifies nociception?
Spinal cord CB1
What CB1 is involved in neuroprotection against excitotoxicity?
Neocortical CB1
What CB1 is involved in changes in affect and has some mortar effects?
Hippocampal and Basal ganglia CB1
What endocannabinoid receptor binds 2AG better than AEA?
CB2
What does ischemia do?
Disrupts intracellular Ca2+
What receptor when activated increases Ca2+, has glycine binding sites, and has Mg2+ binding inside channel moved to let Ca2+ into cell?
NMDA
What receptor when activated increases sodium and is the modulation site for Benzos?
AMPA
What receptor may allow Ca2+ in but mostly NA+
Kainate
What causes severe intractable seizure that lead to brain damage to one hemisphere of brain and the only treatment is to remove affected hemisphere?
Rasmussen’s Encephalopathy
Arousal and awareness define what?
Concsiouness
The absence of arousal/awareness along with no sleep/wake cycle signifies?
Coma
Having a sleep/wake cycle on EEG but no awareness signifies?
Persistent vegetative state
Having a sleep/wake cycle, awareness to simple commands but no communication signifies?
Minimally conscious state
What creates background excitation but is not sufficient for full consciousness?
RAS
What has parabrachial nuclei in rostral pons?
EAA
EAA + Cholinergic produce?
Arousal
What has pedunculopontine and lateral dorsal tegmental nuclei?
Cholinergic system (Ach)
Adrenergic and serotonergic systems create?
Wakefulness and awareness
What system is in the VTA and causes awareness leading to focused alertness?
Dopaminergic system
RAS -> Thalamus synapse on non-specific nuclei, intralaminar nuclei of thalamus -> Glutamate release -> Thalamocortical neurons -> Cortex and release glutamate is what output pathway of RAS?
Dorsal path
RAS -> Basal Forebrain and hypothalamus -> synapse in cortex release glutamate is what output pathway of RAS?
Ventral path
Parabrachial nuclei uses what pathway?
Ventral path
Cholinergic uses what pathway?
Ventral and Dorsal path
Noradrenergic uses what pathway?
Ventral and dorsal path
Serotonergic uses what pathway?
Ventral path
Dopaminergic uses what pathway?
Ventral and dorsal path
For the dopaminergic system, neurons are hyperpolarized and cuts cortex off form arousal system during what?
Sleep
For the dopaminergic system, thalamic discharge becomes constant during what?
Wakefulness
Afferent fibers synapse directly on alpha motor neurons for what reflex?
Monosynaptic reflex (stretch)
Afferent fiber synapse onto interenour and the interneuron synapses onto another internor or alpha motor neuron for what reflex?
Polysynaptic reflex (Golgi Tendon Reflex)
Myotactic, Golgi Tendon, and crossed extensor reflexes are at what level of CNS
SC
Vestibular and righting synapse are at what level of CNS?
Brainstem/midbrain
Placing response, hopping response are at what level of CNS?
Cortical
What reflex is elicited by muscle spindle and activated by stretch/lengthening of muscle?
Myotatic reflex
What part of muscle spindle is the one that makes the muscle move?
Extrafusal fibers
Skeletal muscle in series with sensory component and is innervated by gamma motor neurons are what type of fibers?
Intrafusal fibers
What are large, myelinated, rapid fibers that innervated bag and chain, and is sensitive to length of muscle along with how fast length is changing?
Ia fibers
What fibers are myelinated, smaller, not as fast, innervate chain, only sensitive to length?
II fibers
Ia fibers activates interneuron in SC that inhibits alpha motor neurons innervating antagonist muscle is what phenomenon?
Reciprocal inhibiton
What is the abrupt relaxation of contracted muscle, is located in the tendons and innervated by Ib fibers?
Golgi Tendon Reflex
In the GTR, the number of AP ___ as tension ___.
Increases for both
What is the period of areflexia immediately after transection of SC?
Spinal shock
In spinal shock, if input from brain is re-established what occurs?
If no innervation?
1) Motor recovery
2) Muscle dies
What is loss of rostral pons, tonic reflex against gravity uncovered, and has extensor rigidity along with spasticity (clonus)?
Decerebrate posturing
What is called when stroke damages internal capsule input from cortex leading to motor path disruption and posture dependent on head position?
Decorticat posturing
In decorticate posturing with bilateral damage, when the head is neutral what happens?
Arms both slightly flexed
In decorticate posturing with bilateral damage, when the head is turned what happens?
Arm on side of turn flexes more while other arm extends
In decorticate posturing with unilateral damage what happens?
Arm on affected side flexes with head turning
What are collection of neurons whose output creates a motor act that needs to be repeated over and over to be effective?
Central pattern generators
In the absence of sensory input central pattern generators what happens?
Slows down walking pace
What is strongly activated producing movements that bring arms/hands to face or chest?
Primary motor cortex
What is Brodmann’s Area 6 and controls axial along with proximal muscle groups (posture)?
Supplemental motor cortex
What is the area for production of complex motor acts as part of planning process and timing of motion?
Pre-Supplemental motor cortex
What area ID’s goal of motion, determines if appropriate to move, and puts body in proper posture?
Pre-motor area
What area relays for dorsal visual path and participates in integrating visual info and ID of objects that can be acted on?
Parietal cortex
What tract affects the muscle ton of limb flexors and influences ongoing motion?
Rubrospinal tract
What tract controls gamma-motor neuron and is sensitive to stretch?
Reticulospinal
What functions in sequential complex motion, corrects direction/force of movement, balance movements, and learning motor patterns?
Cerebellum
What is involved in postural control in the cerebellum?
Vermis of spinocerebellum
What part of cerebellum functions in force and direction of movement?
Outer part of spinocerebellum
What plans complex movement and is involved in sequence motion?
Cerebrocerebellum
What is involved in balance and eye movement along with planning for future?
Vestibulocerebellum
What are the outputs from cerebellum?
Deep cerebellar nuclei (FDEG)
An input to cerebellum that function in proprioception of the entire body and is excitatory to purkinje cell and deep cerebellar nuclei are?
Climbing fibers
An input to cerebellum that function in proprioception to entire body and cortex and are excitorar to deep nuclear neuron and granule cells are?
Mossy fibers
An input to cerebellum that are activated by mossy fibers, have axons that branch to form parallel fibers, and it’s parallel fibers are excitatory to purkinje cells are?
Granule cells
What initiates/reinforces muscle activation?
What turns off motion?
1) Climbing fibers
2) GABA
In the Basal Ganglia, what does the striatum consist of?
Caudate and putamen
What does the putamen function in?
Motor control
In the Basal Ganglia, what part is GPi?
Internal (medial)
In the Basal Ganglia, what part is GPe?
External (lateral)
In the Basal Ganglia, what part is SNPC?
Pars compacta
In the Basal Ganglia, what part is SNPR?
Pars reticularis
In the Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic system, what do D1 cells do? D2?
D1: Excite
D2: Inhibit
The direct pathway utilizes what?
D1 (Excitatory)
The indirect pathway utilizes what?
D2 (Inhibitory)
