Physio Bone Lab Flashcards
of Bones in the Axial Skeleton
80
of Bones in the Appendicular skeleton
Major Bones of Axial System
skull, hyoid bone, auditory ossicles, vertebrae, sternum, and ribs
2 main regions of the skull
face and cranium
Vertebral Column 5 sections
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum coccyx
Sternum Function
Protect lungs and heart while providing flexibility during breathing
What is the Hyoid Bone
small, floating bone between the floor of the mouth and the upper anterior neck
Auditory Ossicle
Three tiny bones located in the middle ear that transmit and amplify sound waves from the outer ear to the inner ear.
Articulating Surface
2 bones forming a joint
Examples of these include condyles, heads, facets, and trochleas
Condyle
A rounded projection
Meatus/Canal
bony passageway (eye socket?)
Sinus
Cavity within a bone
Foramen
round or oval hole/opening
Process
bony projection
fissure
slit like opening
tuberosity
elevated projection with a roughened surface
Head
rounded expansion with narrow neck
Trochlea
pulley-shaped articular process
epicondyle
elevated area, above a condyle
crest
prominent narrow ridge
fossa
shallow depression
line
narrow ridge less prominent than a crest
spine
slender pointed projection
ramus
arm-like projection
trochanter
large irregular process (only on femur)
facet
smooth and flat surface
Cranial Bones (8)
frontal
parietal (two),
temporal (two),
occipital,
sphenoid,
and ethmoid
Frontal Bone Important Feature
Supraorbital Foramen- opening above the orbital of the eyes (kind of looks like the beginning of both eyebrows)
Occipital Bone Features
Foramen Magnum- opening which spinal cord connects to lower brain (looks like hole in the brain)
External Occipital- projection at base of skull
Occipital Condyles- Rounded processes that articulate with the Atlas (C1) (looks like beans by the magnum)
Temporal Bone Features
External Auditory Meatus- tube like opening for ear canal
Zygomatic Process-
Styloid Process- attachment for muscles and ligaments of tongue and neck
Mastoid process (mastoid = breast-like)
- Rounded projection attachment for muscles
Mandibular fossa
- Depression for articulation
Ethmoid Bone Features
Crista galli
- Projection for attachment of membranes covering brain
Cribriform plates
- One on either side of crista galli; form roof of nasal cavity
Olfactory foramina
- Tiny holes that allow the passage of axons of the olfactory
Perpendicular plate
- Forms superior part of nasal septum
Middle nasal conchae
- Scroll-like projections on each lateral wall of nasal cavity, located between the superior and inferior nasal conchae
Superior nasal conchae
- Scroll-like projections on each lateral wall of nasal cavity. smallest of the nasal conchae and are situated above the middle nasal conchae. For these reasons, they are often not visible
Sphenoid Bone Features
Sella turcica
- Bony projection that surrounds and protects pituitary gland
Greater and lesser wings
- Form anterior and lateral floor of cranial cavity
Optic canal
- Passageway for cranial nerve II
Facial Bones
The fourteen (14) irregularly-shaped facial bones are the maxillae (two), mandible, zygomatic bones (two), nasal bones (two), lacrimal bones (two), palatine bones (two), inferior nasal conchae (two), and the vomer.
What is the only movable bone in the skull and what joint does it form?
The mandible is the only moveable bone of the skull, forming the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with the temporal bone.
Maxillae Bone Features
Alveoli (alve- = socket)
- Tooth sockets (alveolus, sing.)
Palatine process
- Fused processes that form the anterior part of hard palate
Mandible Features
Body
- Curved, anterior portion of mandible
Rami (ramus, sing.)
- Posterior branches, one on either side of the body of mandible
Condylar processes (mandibular condyles)
- Rounded processes on rami that articulate with temporal bone at the mandibular fossa to form the TMJ
Coronoid processes
- Triangular projections of rami anterior to the condylar processes
Mental foramina (menta = chin)
- Openings in chin for nerves and blood vessels
Alveoli
- Tooth sockets
Zygomatic Features
The two zygomatic bones form the cheekbones and the lateral portion of the eye orbits.
*Temporal process
- Projects posteriorly; temporal process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone form the zygomatic arch (this is a composite feature, which will be discussed in further detail during Lab 2.1).
Nasal
6 Fontanelles in Newborn
The anterior fontanelle
- The largest fontanelle. It lies at the intersection of the frontal, sagittal, and coronal sutures in the anterior portion of the skull.
Two mastoid, or posterolateral, fontanelles
Two sphenoidal, or anterolateral, fontanelles
The occipital fontanelle
Cranial Sutures
fontanelles close and are replaced with sutures
-Sutures allow the brain and skull to grow during infancy and gradually fuse with age, providing stability and strength to the adult skull
4 Types of sutures in the skull
Coronal- horizontal
Sagittal- vertical
Lambdoid- looks like a lambda and separates parietal and occipital
Squamous- above ear between temporal and parietal
Thoracic Cage and Features
12 ribs and the sternum
1. Facets/Demifacets on the body of each thoracic vertebra (articulation site for head of a rib)
2. Elongated Spinous Process
Cervical Vertebrae
7
1. Atlas (C1)- No body, No Spinous process
2. Axis (C2)- Dens that articulates with Atlas (C1)
3. Transverse Foramina
4. Bifurcated Spinous Process
Lumbar Vertebrae
- Blunt (hatchet-shaped) Spinous Process
- Large Body
Sacrum Features ( A LOT)
sacral hiatus
sacral canal
superior articular facets
base
ant/post sacral foramina
median sacral crest
lateral sacral crest
auricle
apex
Sternum Features
Manubrium
Suprasternal Notch
Clavicular Notch
Sternal Angle
Body
Xiphoid Process
True Ribs #’s
1-7
called true ribs because they connect directly to the sternum via their own costal cartilages
These ribs are also referred to as vertebrosternal ribs because they attach to the vertebrae at the back and the sternum at the front
False Ribs
8-12
vertebrochondral (8-10)
They connect to the sternum indirectly through the cartilage of rib 7
Floating Ribs (11-12)
Because they do not attach to the sternum at all.
