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Foundations Exam 1 > Physio > Flashcards

Physio Flashcards

1
Q

Why can’t albumin fit through the plasma membrane?

A
  1. (-) charge

2. size

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2
Q

What are cells that lack direct communication with external environment? And what do they do?

A
  1. heart and blood vessels: deliver O and nutrients
  2. liver and kidneys: remove wastes and toxins
  3. N.S.: monitor and regulate the organ system

**semi permeable membranes are what keep these systems separate

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3
Q

what is the equation for total body weight?

A

TBW= ECF (33%) + ICF (67%)

ECF: is made up of blood plasma and interstitial fluid which bathes cells

ICF: intracellular fluid

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4
Q

what is the volume of distribution?

A

the total volume that substance distributes after injection

-this is totally dependent upon the property of the substance

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5
Q

what are the different body compartments and what separates them?

A

blood plasma—BLOOD CAPILLARY WALLS—>interstitial fluid—CELL MEMBRANES—> Intracellular fluid

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6
Q

dilution principle and tracers

A

this principle can be used to determine the SIZE of a fluid in a compartment
-one uses the tracer because it distributes uniformly into the compartment of interest

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7
Q

what does tritium oxide measure?

A

total body weight

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8
Q

what does mannitol measure?

A

ECF

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9
Q

what does evans blue dye measure?

A

plasma

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10
Q

age/organs and water content

A
  • water content decreases with age

- and different organs have different water contents kidney and heart have a lot

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11
Q

what is whole blood volume?

A

cells + plasma (ECF)

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12
Q

what is hematocrit?

A

% of blood vol. made up by cells

~40-50%

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13
Q

how does one derive total blood volume?

A

TBV= plasma volume x100/ (100-hematocrit)

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14
Q

what is simple diffusion?

A

when MEMBRANE PERMEABLE solutes move from high concentration to low [ ]

  • only small and uncharged
    ex: O2, CO2, NO, water
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15
Q

what is facilitated diffusion?

A
  • only transport solutes DOWN an gradient
  • no energy
  • use transporters

ex. RBC–glucose transporters: only if [ ] outside is greater than inside ONLY IN RBCs
* *aquaporins–move water more rapidly through membrane

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16
Q

what is primary active transport?

A
  • transport AGAINST gradient
  • energy is required (ATP)

ex. Ca-ATPase

17
Q

what is the Na-K-ATPase Transporter? What does this have to do with osmolarity?

A
  • it is present in all cells
  • 3 Na out of cell
  • 2 K into the cell… making the cell slightly negative
  • because there is more negative charge inside the cell, there may be more osmotically active particles in the cell than out
  • This transporter is very important for reducing osmotic particles inside the cell –> so that they don’t burst!
18
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A
  • energy isn’t DIRECTLY linked to ATP

- uses one gradient to power another

19
Q

What is co transport?

A

aka symport

  • it is a type of secondary transport
  • both molecule are moving in the same direction

ex. Na–amino acid transporter
Na–glucose transporter: this pump works no matter what the glucose [ ] is outside of the cell

20
Q

What is counter transport?

A
  • antiport
  • type of secondary
  • moving in opposite directions

ex. Ca-Na exchanger

21
Q

Osmosis

A
  • bilayer membranes are permeable to water
  • flow of water from low to high [solutes]
  • movement is due to differences in osmotic pressure between the 2 compartments
22
Q

What is osmotic pressure? How is it calculated?

A

=the pressure that would be needed to externally prevent migration of water across the membrane
-it is a colligative property

=gCσRT
g=# particles
C= concentration
σRT=a constant

23
Q

What is Osmolarity? What is it determined by? What is the normal for body fluids?

A

-determined by the # of dissolved solute particles
= the [ ] of all particles
-Na is a major player in determining this of ECF
-ALL body fluids have the same ~290 mOsm/L

24
Q

what is a reflection coefficient?

A

σ

  • it is dependent upon what the membrane deflects back
  • water can move through so for water its 0
  • albumin cannot move through so for that its 1
  • it is dependent on size AND charge
25
Q

What is tonicity?

A

=describes the tendency of an external solution to resist expansion of an intracellular volume

26
Q

isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic

A

-this is in relation to the the solutes in solution

isotonic= same [ ] of solutes outside and inside

hypertonic= more solutes outside, water exits and cell will shrink

hypotonic= more water outside than inside the cell, water enters the cell –> burst!

27
Q

What are some IV solutions used for tx of things?

A
  1. 154 mM NaCl-isosmotic, used in surgeries to replace plasma volume
  2. 300 mM D glucose aka dextrose, isosmotic, used to tx hypernatremia
28
Q

What is HYPERnatremia?

A

-high [ ] of Na outside of the cells
-severe dehydration
-most often due to lack of free water
tx: Dextrose 5%
enters body cells by facilitated diffusion –> CO2 and water

29
Q

What is HYPOnatremia?

A
  • excess water will result in this
  • decreased Na in ECF
  • swelling, arrhythmia, other things assoc. with imbalanced Na
30
Q

What should one drink after 60 min. of vigorous exercise?

A
  • gatorade OR fruit juice which will replenish carbs

* always drink in moderation though… bc can lead to hyponatremia

31
Q

what is hemostasis?

A

=ability of organ to maintain tight control over the [ ] of various solutes in body fluids under different conditions

-use hormones to regulate different things

Foundations Exam 1 (7 decks)

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