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Repro 2 > Physio > Flashcards

Physio Flashcards

1
Q

during childhood LH or FSH is higher?
reproductive period?
senescence?

A
  • FSH
  • LH
  • FSH
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2
Q

what is one of the earliest events of puberty

A

appearance of large nocturnal pulses of LH during REM sleep

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3
Q

what is the characteristic feature of the GnRH that drives puberty

A

pulsatile . . so long acting GnRH analogue administration will not initiate pubery

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4
Q

what is a natural inhibitor of GnRH release that is secreted by the pineal gland

A

melatonin

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5
Q

Removal of pineal gland precipitates what

A

early puberty

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6
Q

describe the distribution of tissue in an adult testis

A
  • 80% seminiferous tubules

- 20% connective tissue interdispersed with Leydig cells

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7
Q

What is the function of a Sertoli cell

A
  • provide nutrients to differentiating sperm
  • form tight junctions with each other, creating a barrier between testes and bloodstream
  • secrete an aqueous fluid into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules that helps to transport them through the tubules into the epididymis
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8
Q

What is the function of Leydig cells

A

-Synthesis and secretion of testosterone

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9
Q

what enzymes to testes lack to ensure that no glucocorticoids or mineralocorticoids are synthesized

A

21 and 11 beta hydroxylase

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10
Q

What enzyme do testes have and what does it do

A
  • 17-beta- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

- converts androsternedione to testosterone

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11
Q

In the lumen of seminiferous tubules, Testosterone is concentrated by binding to what?

A

Androgen binding protein (ABP)

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12
Q

what in peripheral tissue converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone

A

5-alpha-reductase

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13
Q

Most of circulating testosterone is bound to what protein along with albumin

A

-Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)

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14
Q

what cells in testes produce small amount of estrogen?

they contain what that makes this happen?

A
  • Sertoli cells

- aromatase mediates T–>estradiol

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15
Q

What stimulates the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone and regulates the overall rate of testosterone synthesis by the Leydig cell

A

LH

  • by increasing affinity of P450cc (cholesterol desmolase) for cholesterol
  • also stimulates synthesis of this enzyme . . long term action
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16
Q

lack of descent of testes is called what

A

cryptorchidism

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17
Q

what can be used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy and hair loss in males

A

5-alpha reductase inhibitors

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18
Q

describe receptor and pathway in Leydig cells

A
  • LH receptor

- cAMP-PKA pathway

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19
Q

What stimulates Sertoli cells

A

testosterone and FSH

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20
Q

What do Sertoli cells produce

A
  • proteins synthesis
  • inhibin
  • ABP
  • Aromatase
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21
Q

what does inhibin from Seroli cells do

A

inhibits FSH release

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22
Q

what hormone besides LH and FSH is involved in division of sperm

A

FH

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23
Q

FSH stimulates what immature sperm cell?

LH?

A
  • primary spermatocyte —> meiosis 1

- Secondary spermatocyte –> Meiosis 2

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24
Q

effects of T deficiency in 2nd to 3rd month of gestations

A

-varying degrees of ambiguity in male genitalia and male pseudohermaphrodism

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25
Q

effects of T deficiency in 3rd trimester of pregnancy

A

-cryptorchidism and micropenis

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26
Q

effects of T deficiency in puberty

A
  • poor secondary sexual development and overall eunuchoid features
  • persistence of prepubertal characteristics and often by the presence of characteristics typical of the opposite sex
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27
Q

effects of T deficiency in post puberty

A
  • decreased libido
  • erectile dysfunction
  • decreased facial and body hair growth
  • low energy
  • infertility
28
Q

Genetic disorder that occurs when GnRH neurons fail to migrate into the hypothalamus during embryonic development

A

Kallman’s syndrome

29
Q

what is Kallman’s syndroeem characterized by

A
  • delayed or absent puberty and an impaired sense off smell
  • form of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
  • form of secondary hypogonadism
30
Q

describe Klinefelter syndrome

A
  • seminiferous tubular dysgenesis: men with extra X chromosome
  • Affected persons are phenotypically male because of the presence of Y chromosome . . appear normal at birth
  • at puberty, increased levels of gonadotropins fail to induce normal testicular growth and spermatogenesis
  • Androgen production is usually low, levels of gonadotropins are elevated thereby indicating primary hypogonadism
  • seminiferous tubules are largely destroyed, resulting in infertility
31
Q

male pattern baldness and benign prostatic hypertrophy are caused by what

A

DHT

32
Q

what are the 2 phases of the ovarian cycle and what endometrial cycle phases do they coincide with

A
  • follicular (proliferative phase)

- Luteal phase (secretory phase)

33
Q

Describe the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle

A
  • FSH stimulates a follicle to complete its development
  • begins with onset of menses and end on day of LH surge (day 14)
  • Granulosa cells of the follicles increase production of estradiol, which stimulates the endometrium to undergo rapid and continuous growth and maturation
  • coincides with proliferative phase of endometrial cycle: rapid rise in ovarian estradiol secretion eventually triggers a surge in LH, which causes ovulation
34
Q

Describe the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle

A
  • follicle transforms into a corpus luteum
  • Luteal cells produce progesterone and estrogen which stimulate further endometrial growth and development
  • Begins on day of LH surge and ends at onset of next menses
  • coincides with secretory phase of endometrial cycle
35
Q

Which ovarian cells produce activins and inhibins

A

Granulosa cells

36
Q

which ovarian cells produce progestins

A

both Theca and Granulosa cells

37
Q

Which ovarian cells produce androgens

A

Theca cells

38
Q

What causes the gonadotrophs of the anterior pituitary to be much more sensitive to GnRH in the LATE follicular phase

A

high levels of estradiol

39
Q

what receptors do theca cells have?

granulosa cells?

A
  • LH

- both LH and FSH

40
Q

What is the difference in structure between activins and inhibins produced by granulosa cells

A
  • Inhibins: one alpha and one beta subunit

- activins: two beta subunits

41
Q

what levels increase during the luteal phase

A
  • progesterone (highest)
  • estradiol
  • inhibin
42
Q

what happens during the late luteal phase

A

-the gradual demise of the corpus luteum leads to decreases in the levels of progesterone, estradiol, and inhibin

43
Q

what cells of the ovary produce progesterone?

A

both . . then from granulosa cell it diffuses to theca cell

44
Q

what does a granulosa cell lack so that it can’t convert progesterone to androstenedione

A

17-alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20 desmolase

-androstenedione from theca cells diffuses over to granulosa cells

45
Q

when does temperature rise in the menstrual cycle

A

after ovulation

46
Q

the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle is stimulated by what

A

progesterone

47
Q

during late secretory phase, progesterone promotes the differentiation of the stromal cells to what?

A

predecidual cells which must be prepared to form the decidua of pregnancy

48
Q

most common cause of infertility in women

A

PCOS

49
Q

clinical manifestation of PCOS

A

androgen excess and anovulation

-presentation: young, obese, hirsute females of reproductive age; oligomenorrhea or secondary amenorrhea; infertility

50
Q

relevant lab values for PCOS

A
  • elevated LH
  • low FSH
  • elevated testosterone
51
Q

what protein attaches sperm to zona pellucida that surrounds the oocyte

A

ZP3

52
Q

describe the acrosomal reaction of fertilization

A

-increase in Ca inside sperm cell triggers fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm cell’s plasma membrane and resule in exocytosis of most acrosomal contents

53
Q

in the steps of fertilization, what happens after the membrane of the sperm fuses with the membrane of the oocyte and the sperms contents go into the egg (cortical reaction)

A
  • increase in Ca in oocyte
  • massive exocytosis of cortical granules
  • release of enzyme that act on glycoproteins in the zona pellucida and cause them to harden
  • prevents polyspermy
54
Q

what form of a ferilized egg implants

A

blastocyst

55
Q

what cells express adhesive surface proteins (cadherins and integrins) that bind to uterine surface epithelia, as the embryo implants, these bind to components of the uterine extracellular matrix

A

syncytiotrophoblasts

56
Q

What cells secrete on LH like protein called human chroionic gonadotropin (hCG) at the onset of implantation which maintains the viability of the corpus luteum of pregnancy

A

syncytiotrophoblasts

57
Q

what umbilical vessel is oxygen rich?

poor?

A
  • vein

- artery

58
Q

what hormones does the placenta produce and what does each do?

A
  • hCG: helps initiate pregnancy and maintain for first 10 weeks
  • Progesterone: maintains pregnancy after 10 weeks and keeps endometrium quiescent
  • hPL: contributes to diabetogenic effects of pregnancy. increases blood sugar levels by antagonizing insulin
  • estrogens: promote contraction of uterus
59
Q

Describe the signals from the placenta and fetus that initiate labor . . . Parturition

A
  • Placenta produces CRH
  • Rapid release causes rise in cirulating levels
  • stimulates fetal production of ACTH and fetal adrenals to produce cortisol and fetoplacental estrogen production
  • cortisol feeds back to increase placental CRH production (positive feedback)
  • CRH promotes contractions by sensitizing uterus to prostaglandins and oxytocin
  • estrogens also stimulate contractions
60
Q

what hormone is believed to initiate labor

A

prostaglandins

61
Q

Describe the role of oxytocin

A
  • causes the uterus to contract immediately after the fetus is expelled, limiting blood flow and blood loss
  • increases uterine synthesis of prostaglandins
  • However, increased oxytocin secretion does NOT initiate thee rhythmic uterine contractions characteristic of the onset of labor
62
Q

describe the role of relaxin

A
  • protein produced by the corpus luteum, placenta
  • keeps uterus quiescent during pregnancy
  • soften and dilates cervix during labor
63
Q

What is the effect of estrogen and progesterone on lactation

A
  • both inhibit onset of lactogenesis

- they abruptly fall following parturition

64
Q

what does suckling do for lactation

A
  • inhibits hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons

- primary neural stimulus post parturition

65
Q

what is the role of oxytocin in lactation

A

it is galactokinetic and causes contraction of the myoepithelial basket cells producing milk ejection (“let-down”)

Repro 2 (9 decks)

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