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Woods comprehensive review > physio 2 > Flashcards

physio 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the telecephalon give rise to

A

basal ganglia, olfactory lobes and nerves, and cerebral hemispheres

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2
Q

what does the diencephalon give rise to

A

epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus and infundibulum

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3
Q

what does the mesencephalon give rise to

A

cerebral aqueduct, superior & inferior colliculi, tegmentum

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4
Q

what does the met encephalon give rise to

A

cerebellum, pons

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5
Q

what does the myelencephalon give rise to

A

medulla oblongata and posterior choroid plexus

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6
Q

describe primary motor areas

A

direct connections with specific muscles

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7
Q

describe primary sensory areas

A

detect specific sensations

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8
Q

describe secondary motor areas

A

provide patterns of motor activity

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9
Q

describe secondary sensory areas

A

analyze meanings of specific sensory signals

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10
Q

what are the characteristics of tonic receptors

A

slow adapting, detect continuous stimulus strength, transmit impulses as long as stimulus is present

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11
Q

describe primary sensory neurons (ascending pathways)

A

from external receptors and travel through dorsal roots of spinal cord

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12
Q

describe secondary neurons (ascending pathways)

A

make up tracts in spinal cord and brainstem (neurons typically terminate in thalamus)

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13
Q

describe tertiary neurons (ascending pathways)

A

from thalamus to primary sensory cortex (travel through internal capsule)

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14
Q

what does the anterolateral spinothalamic tract carry

A

pain and temperature

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15
Q

where do the secondary axis of the anterolateral spinothalamic tract decussate

A

through anterior gray and white matter commissures

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16
Q

what does the medial lemniscus system carry

A

sensations for 2-point sensation (fine touch), pressure and vibration

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17
Q

where do the primary fibers synapse with the secondary neurons (medial lemniscus system)

A

in medulla

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18
Q

describe group 1a fibers

A

fibers from annulospiral endings of muscle spindles

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19
Q

describe group 1b fibers

A

fibers from golgi tendon organs

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20
Q

describe group 2 fibers

A

from cutaneous tactile receptors and flow-spray

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21
Q

describe group 3 fibers

A

carry temperature, crude touch and pricking pain

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22
Q

describe group 4 fibers

A

carry slow chronic pain, itch temperature and crude touch

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23
Q

where do W ganglion cells get most of their excitation

A

from rods transmitted by way of small bipolar cells and amacrine cells

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24
Q

what type of ganglion cells are responsible for vision

A

X

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25
Q

describe potassium concentration of endolymph

A

high potassium concentration

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26
Q

what are muscle spindles innervated by

A

small gamma motor neurons

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27
Q

what does the sensory region of the muscle spindle function as

A

sensory receptor

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28
Q

what does the muscle spindle detect

A

changes in muscle length

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29
Q

where do the upper motor neurons of the pyramidal system decussate

A

in pyramids and form the lateral corticospinal tracts

30
Q

what do lesions of dentate, emboli form, and globose nuclei lead to

A

extremity ataxia

31
Q

what do lesions of fastigial nuclei lead to

A

trunk ataxia

32
Q

what are fastigial nuclei related to

A

postural activity and limb movement via reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts

33
Q

what cells provide lateral inhibition on adjacent purkinje cells to provide damping

A

basket and stellate cells

34
Q

what cells are the only output from the cerebellar cortex

A

purkinje cells

35
Q

what does the vestibulocerebellum consists of

A

flocculonodular lobes and nervis

36
Q

what does a loss of flocculonodular lobes lead to

A

extreme disturbance of equilibrium and postural movements

37
Q

what odes the spinocerebellum consist of

A

mostly of vermis and intermediate zone

38
Q

what does the cerebrocerebellum consist of

A

lateral parts of hemispheres

39
Q

what is the cerebrocerebellum mostly associated with

A

premotor and primary and association somatosensory areas of the cerebral cortex

40
Q

what is the cerebrocerebellum involved in

A

coordination of skilled movement and speech

41
Q

what is the primary motor area for shivering

A

dorsomedial portion of posterior hypothalamus

42
Q

what is the best known stimuli for increasing the rate of thyroid releasing hormone secretion

A

cold

43
Q

what is the set-point of the temperature control mechanism

A

level at which sweating begins or shivering begins in order to return to critical core body temperature

44
Q

what are the physiological mechanisms that alter the critical set point

A

primarily skin temperature changes

45
Q

what may cause slow waves

A

complex interactions among the smooth muscle cells and the interstitial cells of cajal

46
Q

what type of potentials excite muscle contraction

A

spike potentials

47
Q

what neurotransmitter is used by the interneurons of the myenteric plexus

A

serotonin

48
Q

define the gastrocolic reflex

A

causes evacuation of the colon

49
Q

define the enterogastric reflex

A

inhibit stomach motility and secretion

50
Q

define the colonileal reflex

A

empty ileal contents into colon

51
Q

what is the secretory product of parietal cells

A

HCL

52
Q

what secretes CCK

A

duodenal and upper jejunal mucosal cells

53
Q

what does CCK inhibit

A

gastric emptying and appetite

54
Q

what is the release of secretin stimulated by

A

presence of acidic foods in upper intestine

55
Q

what is secretin secreted by

A

duodenal and upper jejunal mucosal cells

56
Q

what does secretin inhibit

A

gastric acid secretion

57
Q

describe the blood flow and vascular resistance of the liver

A

high blood flow and low vascular resistance

58
Q

describe VLDLs

A

high concentrations of triglycerides and moderate amounts of cholesterol and phospholipids (transport lipids mainly from liver to adipose tissue)

59
Q

describe LDLs

A

high concentration of cholesterol and moderate concentration of phospholipids

60
Q

describe HDLs

A

high concentration of proteins and low concentration of cholesterol and fatty acids

61
Q

what is heme converted into by heme oxygenase

A

biliverdin

62
Q

where are fatty acids converted to acetyl-CoA

A

in mitochondria

63
Q

what is the carrier molecule of the conversion of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA

A

carnitine

64
Q

what is the neurotransmitter for preganglionic neurons (ANS)

A

acetylcholine

65
Q

where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the ANS located

A

CNS

66
Q

where are the cell bodies of post ganglionic neurons of the ANS located

A

peripheral ganglia

67
Q

what is the neurotransmitter for parasympathetic system

A

Acetylcholine

68
Q

what is the neurotransmitter for the sympathetic system

A

norepinephrine

69
Q

what cranial nerve are most parasympathetic fibers in

A

vagus nerve (CN 10)

70
Q

what hormone surges for ovulation

A

LH

71
Q

what is testosterone formed by

A

interstitial cells of leydig

Woods comprehensive review (2 decks)

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