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Woods comprehensive review > physio 1 > Flashcards

physio 1 Flashcards

1
Q

maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment

A

homeostasis

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2
Q

any stimulus that creates an imbalance in the internal environment

A

stress

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3
Q

a chance in some parameter causes a response that results in a return of that parameter to normal (baseline)

A

negative feedback loops

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4
Q

the degree of effectiveness with which a control system maintains constant conditions

A

gain

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5
Q

gain equation

A

correction/error

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6
Q

which of the following types of neurons would transmit an action potential the fastest

A

large diameter, myelinated

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7
Q

saltatory conduction is characteristic of which part of a typical neuron

A

axon

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8
Q

what are the phases of fast action potentials

A

4= resting potential. 0= rapid depolarization. 1= initial, incomplete repolarization. 2= plateau or slow decline of membrane potential. 3=repolarization

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9
Q

what are fast action potentials due to changes in

A

conductance of potassium, sodium, and calcium ions

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10
Q

what things can result in a faster conduction velocity

A

greater AP amplitude, more rapid rate of rise of phase 0, larger cell diameter

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11
Q

stroke volume output can be increased (to more than double) by what?

A

increasing EDV or decreasing ESV

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12
Q

describe the axis for lead 1

A

2 electrodes on 2 arms

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13
Q

describe the axis for lead 2

A

electrodes on right arm and left leg

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14
Q

describe the axis for lead 3

A

electrodes on left arm and left leg

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15
Q

how much blood volume is in the systemic circulation

A

84%

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16
Q

vascular compliance (capacitance)

A

increase in volume/increase in pressure

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17
Q

what factors affect venous return to the heart systemic circulation

A

degree of filling of systemic circulation, resistance to flood flow

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18
Q

what is high hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries caused by

A

rapid fluid filtration

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19
Q

what does low hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries permit

A

rapid fluid reabsorption

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20
Q

what is the glomerular filtration rate determined by

A

balance of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces acting across capillary membrane

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21
Q

what does SGLT2 do

A

reabsorbs 90% of glucose in early proximal tubule

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22
Q

what does SGLT1 do

A

reabsorbs 10% of glucose in late proximal tubule

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23
Q

what does the proximal tubule reabsorb

A

65% of filtered sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, and potassium. reabsorbs all filtered glucose and amino acids

24
Q

what is the source of aldosterone

A

adrenal cortex

25
Q

what is the function of aldosterone

A

increases sodium reabsorption and stimulates potassium secretion

26
Q

what is the major site of action of aldosterone

A

principal cells of cortical collecting ducts

27
Q

what do principal cells do

A

reabsorb Na+ and water from tubular lumen and secrete K+ into tubular lumen

28
Q

what do intercalated cells do

A

reabsorb K+ from tubular lumen and secrete H+ into tubular lumen

29
Q

when does acidosis occur

A

when the ratio of bicarbonate ion to carbon dioxide in extracellular fluid decreases

30
Q

when does metabolic acidosis occur

A

when there is a decrease in bicarbonate ion

31
Q

when does respiratory acidosis occur

A

when there is an increase in carbon dioxide

32
Q

what is the primary compensatory response for respiratory acidosis

A

increase in plasma bicarbonate ion due to addition of new bicarbonate by the kidney

33
Q

what is the primary compensatory response for metabolic acidosis

A

increase in ventilation rate

34
Q

define alkalosis

A

increase in ratio of bicarbonate to hydrogen ion concentration

35
Q

define respiratory alkalosis

A

decrease in carbon dioxide concentration (caused by hyperventilation)

36
Q

what is the compensatory response for respiratory alkalosis

A

reduction in plasma bicarbonate ion concentration caused by renal excretion of bicarbonate ion

37
Q

what is metabolic alkalosis caused by

A

rise in extracellular fluid bicarbonate concentration

38
Q

what is the compensatory response for metabolic alkalosis

A

decreased ventilation and increased renal bicarbonate ion excretion

39
Q

volume of air that is inspired or expired with each breath at rest

A

tidal volume

40
Q

volume of air that can be inspired in addition to tidal volume with forceful inspiration

A

inspiratory reserve volume

41
Q

what is the additional volume of air that can be expired at end of tidal volume by forceful expiration

A

expiratory reserve volume

42
Q

what is the volume of air remaining in lungs after forceful expiration

A

residual volume

43
Q

what is the inspiration to the maximum extent plus expiration to the maximum extent

A

vital capacity

44
Q

what is the sun of all the volumes

A

total lung capacity

45
Q

define pleural pressure

A

pressure of the fluid between parietal pleura and the visceral pleura

46
Q

what is the alveolar pressure

A

pressure of the win inside the alveoli

47
Q

what is the transpulmonary pressure

A

difference between the alveolar pressure and the pleural pressure

48
Q

what gas is at the highest partial pressure

A

nitrogen

49
Q

what is the ventilation-perfusion ratio

A

alveolar ventilation/blood flow

50
Q

Va/Q=0 when Va=0 but there is still perfusion due to ______

A

due to airway obstruction (blood gas composition remains unchanged)

51
Q

what percentage of blood gives up oxygen

A

25%

52
Q

what establishes the ramp signal

A

dorsal respiratory group

53
Q

what is the principal initiatory of phrenic nerve activity

A

dorsal respiratory group

54
Q

where is the pneumotaxic center located

A

pontine respiratory group

55
Q

what does the pneumotaxic center of the pontine respiratory group do

A

mainly controls rate and depth of breathing

Woods comprehensive review (2 decks)

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