Physio Flashcards
1
Q
Hypertension
A
> 140/90 mmHg
120-129/80mmHg
2
Q
Hypotension
A
<110/70mmHg
3
Q
H2O molecule stays in body for how long
A
10 days
4
Q
Body water pool is renewed within
A
50 days
5
Q
Total body water (for 70kg)
A
60% of total body weight
(42L)
6
Q
Intracellar fluid
(of 70kg)
A
2/3 total body weight
(28L)
7
Q
Extracellular fluid
(of 70kg)
A
1/3 of total body weight
(14L)
8
Q
Extracellular fluid composed of
A
Interstitial fluid
Plasma fluid
9
Q
Interstitial fluid
(of 70kg)
A
80% extra cellular fluid
(11L)
10
Q
Plasma fluid
(of 70kg)
A
20% Extracellular fluid
(3L)
11
Q
Percentage water content of tissue/organ of adipose tissue
A
10%
12
Q
Fat content btw lean and fat people
A
Lean > H20
13
Q
Transcellular fluid composed
A
Aq humor
Synovia
CSF
14
Q
Amount of transcellular fluid
A
1L within epithelial lined spaces
15
Q
Total volume CSF
A
150ml
16
Q
Amount daily production CSF
A
550mls/day
17
Q
CSF turns over times/day
A
3-4 times/day
18
Q
CSF composition
A
same as brain ECF
diff from plasma
19
Q
CSF pCO2 vs plasma
A
CSF pCO2 >
50mmHg
(Csf - C -> CO2>)
20
Q
CSF pH vs plasma
A
CSF lower
7.33
(Csf - chua)
21
Q
Protein content in CSF
A
low -> low buffering capacity
0.2g/L
22
Q
Glucose content in CSF
A
lower
23
Q
Chloride content in CSF
A
higher
(Csf - Chloride -> higher)
24
Q
Cells in CSF vs plasma
A
Xanthochromia (NO RBC)
Pleocytosis (some WBC)
25
Cell membrane permeability
freely: H2O
freely: lipid soluble (CO2, O2)
selectively: small ions thru channels
26
Cell membrane impermeability
proteins
27
Capillary wall permeability
H2O
lipid souble
small molecules < 60k Da (Na, K, glucose, AA)
28
Capillary wall impermeability
macromolecules (colloids)
29
Osmotic concentration plasma
286mosmol/L
30
Osmostic concentration in plasma composed
0.9% NaCl/ 5% glucose
31
osmotic concentration plasma determined by
concentration Na2+, Cl-
32
Tonicity formula
Tonicity (effective osmolarity) = sum concentrations solutes have capacity exert osmotic force across membrane
33
blood "formula"
blood= cellular components + plasma
34
Cellular components of intravascular fluid composed, percentage, units
RBC: 99,9% (4-6T/L)/ 4-6 million/cubic mm
WBC: <0.1% (5-11G/L)
Platelets <0.1% (150-350G/L)
35
Celllular components of intravascular fluid percentage
37-54%
36
Plasma of intravascular fluid percentage
46-63%
37
plasma in intravscular fluid composed
water + disolved materials
electrolytes
metabolites (CO2, lactate, urea)
nutrients (sugar, AA, lipids, salt)
proteins (60-8-g/l)
regulatory molecules chem messengers (hormons, proteins)
38
Composition of plasma electrolyes, org compounds
Cations
Anions
Org components
39
Cations in plasma
Na
K
Ca
Mg
40
Anions in plasma
Cl-
HCO3-
H2PO4 +HPO4
41
Org components plasma composed
Glucose
Urea
Proteins
Albumins
Billirubin
42
Amount glucose in plasma
4-5.5mmol/L
43
Amount urea in plasma
2.5 - 6.3mmol/L
44
Amount proteins in plasma
60-80 g/l
45
Amount albumin in plasma
30-40 g/l
46
Amount billirubin in plasma
<20 umol/L
47
Azotemia
abnormal high levels N containing compounds
related to kidney
lead to uremia
48
Plasma proteins composed
Albumins
Globulins
Fibronogen
Reg proteins
49
Amount Albumins in plasma protein
60%
50
Amount globulins in plasma protein
35%
51
Amount fibrinogen in plasma protein
4%
fri-bi-no-gen
52
Amount reg proteins in plasma proteins
<1%
53
Func of albumins
plasma osmotic pressure
transport lipids, steroid hormones, billirubin, medicines (prevents filtrations thru kidney)
54
Why do we need albumins
prevents plasma loss from capillaries
55
Location production albumins
liver
(aLbumin -> liver)
56
Types of globullin
alpha
beta
gamma
57
Func alpha globulins
transport ions, hormones, lipids
58
Func beta globulins
Fe transport - transferrin
(BEta- Fe -> BeFe)
59
Func gamma globullin
Immune func
60
Location production alpha, beta globullins
liver
61
Location production gamma globulins
Lymphoid tissue
62
Specific transport proteins of globulins
Copper - ceruloplasmin
Vit B12 - transcobalamin
(gloBULIN -> Bu- Cu - copper - ceruloplasmin)
(LIN - transcobalamin - VitB12)
63
Charac of specific transport proteins of globullins
high affinity
64
Func fibrinogen
clotting system
65
Location production fibrinogen
liver
66
Func reg proteins
enzyme, hormones
67
Func of plasma protein
source AA for tissue
EQ between plasma protein - other proteins
Therapeutic importance in acute whole body protein deficiency (intravenous transfusion plasma protein)
68
Nutrients composed of
carbohydrates
AA
lipids (free FA, lipoprotein - cholesterol: HDL-LDL)
Vitamins
69
Amount of glucose in carbohydrates nutrients
4-6 mmol/L
70
Metabolites composed
intermediate metabolites: lactate, pyruvate, ketone bodies
71
End products of meta
billirubin
urobillinogen
creatin
urea
uric acid
ammonium
(abc3u - ammonia, billirubin, creatin, urea, uric acid, urobillirubin)
72
Concentration of RBC depends on
gender
individual variability
73
Morphology RBC
biconcave
74
Size RBC
6-8 um dia
75
Ad of RBC morphology
large SA -> higher diffusion
can bend in small capillaries
76
Charac RBC
NO nucleus -> NO reproduce
NO mitch -> NO meta
NO ribo -> NO protein synthesis
77
Avg life span RBC
120 days
78
Func RBC
transport hemoglobin
contain high conc cabonic anhydrase, HCO/Cl- pump
79
Amount hemoglobin
280million hemoglobin molecules/cell
80
Structure hemoglobin
quaternary
1 subunit: 1heme + 1 globin
1 heme contains 1 Fe2+/3+
81
Charac heme
porfirine deriv.
4 pyrrols rings + myoglobin (methyl group + FE2+ (ferro)
82
Myoglobin
methyl CH4 group + Fe2+ (ferro)
83
Func hemoglobin
O2, CO2 binding, transport
84
Hemoglobin levels in infants
140-200g/l
(chinh is a baby -> birthday: 14/2 -> 140-200g/l)
85
Hemoglobin levels in adult males
140-180 g/l
(chinh is an adult male -> birthday: 14/2 -> 140-180g/l - latter no. is smaller than infants)
86
Hemoglobin levels in adult females
120-160g/l
(female -> dated since i was 12yrs old -> 16 -> 120-160)
87
Forms of hemoglobin normal
Oxy Hb
DeoxyHb
Carbamino Hb (mino -> good kid -> normal)
Foetal Hb
88
Fomrs of hemoglobin pathological
Carboxy Hb
Methemoglobin (meth -> not normal)
Hb-S (sickle cell)
89
Charac carboxy Hb
200X higher affinity to CO than O2
90
Charac methemoglobin
Fe3+ containing
MEthemoglobin -> Fe -> Fe3+
91
Hb glycosylated is noraml/ pathologic
both
92
Charac Hb glycosylated
covalent binding to glucose
(glyco -> glucose -> binding glucose)
93
Normal range Hb glycosylated
3-6%
94
Abnormal range Hb glycosylated value, when
15%
diabetes
95
Diagnostic value Hb glycosylated
reflects blood glucose level over 3 months period
96
Forms of hemoglobin
T, R form
97
Position Hb subunits in deO2 hemoglobin
T - Tense
98
Position Hb subunits in O2 hemoglobin
R - Relaxed
99
Why Hb subunits in O2 hemoglobin in relaxed form
H+ and ionic bonds limit movements mono
100
Formation R form
O2 binding -> destabilizes bonds -> relaxed form
101
Dissociation curve O2 hemoglobin
SIgmoid curve (Hill effect)
102
Charac cooperation O2 hemoglobin dissociation curve
positive cooperation
103
Affinity of Hb
affinity of Hb for last O2 >100X first O2
104
Factors influence dissociation curve
H+, pH
Temp
2,3 BPG
105
Effect of pH, Bohr effect on dissociation curve
increase H+ conc/ low pH -> binding O2 to Hb decrease
(chua -> binding O2 to Hb ít)
increase cellular metabolism -> pCO2> (Bohr effect)-> O2 release from oxy-Hb -> tissue
106
Effect Bohr effects
increase CO2
decrease pH (chua)
(bohr -> chua, tang CO2)
107
Haldane effect
O2 displaces CO2 from Hb
(how dare dane -> let O2 take away CO2 from Hb)
108
Effect temp on dissociation curve
109
Effect 2,3BPG on dissociation curve
binds to deO2-Hb (tetramer) (btw pos charge central cavity, neg charge P group)
-> O2 release at tissues
-> decrease O2 affinity - stabilizes T form
(BPG (bi-bai) -> binds DeO2 -> decrease O2 affinity Hb)
DD (binds DeO2 - decrease)
110
Cause of high affinity O2 binds to f-HB
NO gamma chain binds 2,3 BPG
111
Formation 2,3 BPG
1,3 BPG intermedite from glycolysis
112
Storage of blood
in acid citrate dextrose medium
-> decrease conc 23BPG -> if transfuses -> NO supply tissue O2
113
Drugs on 23BPG
inosin (hypoxanthine ribose) -> NO decrease 23BPG
(I(inosine) wont let decrease 23BPG)
114
Why admin inosin helps 23BPG
ribose -> phosphorylated -> hexose monoP pathway -> convert to 23BPG
115
Effect of factor indluencing dissociation curve in lungs
decrease temp
decrease BPG
increase pH
(lungs: lạnh (lungs LL) -> temp decrease, BPG giống temp, chỉ pH khác)
116
Efect of factor influencing disociation curve at tisue
increase temp
increase BPG
deccrease pH
117
Func of factors dissociation curve in lungs
facilitates O2 binding
CO2 release
118
Func of factors dissociation curve at tissue
facilitates O2 release
CO2 binding
119
Pathway trnasport CO2 by hemoglobin
tissue -> lungs
120
Method transport CO2 by hemoglobin
15% CO2 - in blood - directly bond Hb (carbamyl Hb)
Dissolved as bicarbonate
121
Effect of hemoglobin binds CO2
stabilizes T form -> decrease O2 affinity
(Tense (T form) b/c deO2 aka binds CO2 -> decrease O2 affinity)
122
Factor determines rate erythrpoiesis
Erythropoietin
Fe
Vit B12 + folic acid
nutritional state
123
Hematocrit definition
percentage whole blood occupied by packed RBC
volume cells/ total volume
124
Normal values Hemotocrit
Males: 46% (40-54)
Females: 42% (37-47)
125
Hematocrit indicates
anemia (low Hct)
polycythemia/dehydration (high Hct
126
Formula for Hematocrit
RBC/whole blood *100
127
Actual value formula Hematocrit
36mm/80mm *100= 45%
128
Hematocrit range
0.37 - 0.52
129
MCV mean corpuscular volume definition
avg volume single RBC
(mcV - volume)
130
MCV value
90fL (90*10^-15)
131
Unit of MCV
hematocrit/RBC count
132
MCH mean corpuscular hemoglobin definition
avg conc of single RBC
(mCh - conc)
133
Value of MCH
30pg
(30*10^-12)
134
Unit of MCH
Hb conc/RBC
(mCH -> conc. Hemoglobin
135
Stain index formula
Hb%/RBC%
(alphabetically -> Hb -> RBC)
136
Formula Hb
Hb conc actual/ Hb conc standard
137
Formula RBC
RBC count actual/ RBC count standard
138
Range of Stain index SI
SI=1 normochrom
SI<1 hypochrom
SI>1 hyperchrom
139
What does SI<1 indicates
hypochrome
Fe deficiency anemia
(<1 - aka like thiếu máu -> NO Fe)
140
What does SI>1 indicates
hyperchrome
B12 vitamin deficiency anemia
141
What does increase RBC indicates
Polycythemia
(Rbc -> Poly (RP)
142
What does decrease RBC indicates
Anemia
143
Types of anemia when decrease RBC
144
Common blood group system
ABO
Rh
145
Blood type (blood group)
classification blood based of yes/no inherited antigenic substances (proteins, carbs, glycoproteins, glyoclipids)
146
What defines structures of ABO blood group antigens
specific enzymes inherited co-dominant genes (Mendelian rules) - Codominant inheritance
147
ABO system due to
glycosyltransferase
148
H genes code for, func
H transferase
fucose on galactose
149
Requirement for each blood type
Fucose on galactose
150
Structure O antigen
Fucose-Galactose
151
Structure A antigen
GalNAc - N acetyl galactosamine
Fucose-Galactose-N acetyl galactosamine
152
Structure B antigen
Galactose - galactose
Fucose - galactose - galactose
(b-bunch-galactose,galactose)
153
What does O gene codes for
inactive enzyme
NO addition carbs on galactose
154
Phenotype ABO system
A (AA/A0)
B (BB/B0)
AB (AB)
0 (0)
155
Blood group transfusion tip
Antibody (self) same antigen (RBC blood group) - NO trans
156
Antibody of blood A group
Antibody B
(body of blood opposite to blood)
157
Antibody of blood B group
Antibody A
158
Antibody of AB group
NONE
159
Antibody of O group
both antibody A,B
160
Blood transfusion recipient
serum: antibody
(RBC - recipient - serum - antiBody)
161
Blood transfusion donor
RBC: antigen
(DRG - donor - RBC - antiGen)
(antiBody Opposite blood name)
(antiGen same as blood name)
162
Donor of recipient AB
O, A, B, AB
(NO antibody -> everything)
163
Donore of recipient B
O, B
(NO anibody A -> except A)
164
Donor of recipient A
O, A
(NO anitibody B ->except B)
165
Donor of recipient O
O
(both group AB -> only itself)
166
Definition Rh system
2 pair genes with multiple allel comb
167
When is antibody production happen
Rh+ RBC enters blood stream
168
What does Rh+ mean
D antigen/ NO antiD anitbody
(Rh -> antigen (RG))
169
What does Rh- mean
NO D antigen/ originally NO antiD antibody
(RG - Rh-antigen)
170
IgM
produce at first immune
NO into placenta
(MG - miss grand)
171
IgG
produce at 2nd immune
into placenta
172
Effect of Rh in pregnancy
Fetus Rh+ ; mom Rh- -> 1st pregnancy - safe
Btw pregnancy -> Rh- produce antiD antibodies -> attach Rh+ fetus in 2nd pregnancy
173
Does Rh- have antiRh antibody in serum
NO
174
Does Rh+ have antiRh antibody in serum
NO
175
Does Rh- have antiRh antibody upon Rh+ administration
YES
176
Does Rh+ have antiRh antibody upon Rh+ admin
NO
177
Transfusion rules
Whole blood rarely used for transfusionONLY ONLY use same ABO/Rh type blood
NO universal donor/ acceptor
178
Types blood transfusion
RBC transfusion
Platelets, clotting factor transfusion
Plasma transfusion
179
Func hemostasis
Prevents blood loss thru walls damaged blood
Framework for tissue repairs
180
Phases hemostasis
Vacular
Platelet
Coagulation
181
Time of vascular phase
Immediately - 30mins
182
Changes of vascular phase
endothelial cells at injury site ->
contract, expose basement membrane to bloodstrem
release chem factors, local hormones
cell membrane become sticky
183
What is release as chem factors, local hormones
ADP
tissue factor
prostacyclin
184
Why contract muscle during vascular phase
blood vessel damage -> contracts (vascular spasm) -> decrease diameter -> decreas blood loss
185
Pletelet phase
platelets activation, capture -> firm adhesion -> agg. subendothelium
186
Thrombocytes (platelets) structure
flat
disk like
187
SIze thrombocytes (platelets)
1-4um
188
Amount platelets (thrombocytes)
150-350 G/L of blood
150-350 *10^9/L
150000-350000/ul or mm3
189
Production platelets
megakaryocytes in bone marrow
190
Life span platelets
7-12 days
(pilates 7days-12days)
191
Charac platelets
NO nucleus
can secretes, contracts (action, myosin content)
contain granules
192
Bleeding time of platelets func
2-3mins
193
Time of platelet phase
occurs within 15s
194
Mech of platelet phase
platelets attach to sticky endothelial cells, basement membrane -> exposed collagen fibers
195
Endogenous mech prevents platelet adhesion
endothelial surface layer
factors produced by endothelial cells (NO, prostacyclin, ecto ADPase)
196
Activated platelets release
ADP -> stimulus platelets agg. (pos feedback)
Thromboxane A2 -> platelet agg. + local VC
Seotonin -> local VC
Ca2+ ions
197
Activation platelets by
Platelet activation factors PAF via surface receptors (collagen, thromboxane A2, Thrombin, Fibronectin, ADP, Lamini, Cathecholamines)
198
Aggregation platelets results in
platelet plug - temporary mass platelets -> stops blood loss, forms framework
by white thrombus
199
Time coagulation phase
30s/ more after vessel damage occurs
NOT immediately like vascular, platelet phase
200
Mech coagulation phase
sequence steps -> conversion fibrinogen (circulating plasma protein) -> insoluble protein fibrin
201
Function of fibrin coagulation phase
network fibrin grows -> covers surface platelet plug -> RBC, additional platelets trapped -> blood clot -> seals damaged vessel wall
by red thrombus
202
Clotting time/ coagulation time
time required for blood -> clot in glasss tube under vitro cond
4-6min
203
osmolarity blood plasma vs perivascualr space
osmol blood plasma > perivascular space
204
osmolarity blood plasma determined by
dissovled compounds in plasma
205
Hemoglobin content RBC
28-31pg
(He-28-31pg)
206
Bronchial smooth muscle
NOT breathing muscle
207
Transmitter of breathing muscle
acetycholine
208
Receptor breathing much
nACH
209
Inhibitor breathing muscle
Curare (mucle relaxant)
210
Effect atropin to breathing muscle
NO inhibit breathing muscle
211
Breathing network of airways zones
Conducting zone
Exchange zone
212
Conducting zone
NO gas exchange
213
Exchange zone
Large surface
214
Normal value Ca2+ plasma
2.1 -2.6mmol/L
(Ca- Na: 21 yrs old ->2.1 -2.6)
215
Normal value Mg2+ plasma
0.1-1.1mmol/L
216
Normal hemoglobin levels
120-200g/L
