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Physics > Physics Test 3 > Flashcards

Physics Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Ionization of an atom in a molecule may…

A

cause breakage or atom relocation-may result in improper function or non function of molecule- may lead to cell dysfunction of death.

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2
Q

what is the body mostly composed of?

A

85% hydrogen and oxygen- radiation interacts with atoms.

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3
Q

on molecular level, body is what?

A

80% water- atom is arranged so that the majority of the space is empty space

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4
Q

Macromolecules that are VERY large

A

proteins, lipids (fats), carbs (sugars and starches), nucleic acids

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5
Q

Macromolecules- Organic molecules

A

life supporting and contain carbon- proteins, lipids and carbs

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6
Q

Macromolecules- DNA

A

most critical and radiosensitive target molecule (but radiation interaction is random- does not seek out DNA)- a nucleic acid concentrated in the nucleus

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7
Q

Homeostasis

A

attempt to maintain constant internal environment in body by perspiration (to keep temp and respiration level in exercise) and raplacement

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8
Q

Metabolism

A

=Catabolism + anabolism

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9
Q

catabolism

A

break down of macromolecules ending in water and carbon dioxide

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10
Q

anabolism

A

production of large molecules

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11
Q

Proteins

A

amino acids connected by peptide bonds- 15% of body (organic)

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12
Q

what are proteins used for?

A

1) muscles (structure and support)
2) enzymes (catalysts which speed up reactions)
3) hormones (regulatory control - produced by endocrine (pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, gonads)
4) antibodies (defense system- may be for one antigen- invasive or infectious agent)

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13
Q

what are proteins composed of?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and trace elements.

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14
Q

Lipids

A

consist of one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids; Part of cell membrane in every body tissue; Thermal insulation (just under skin); Secondary energy source (easier to get energy from carbs)

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15
Q

what are lipids composed of?

A

carbon hydrogen, and oxygen

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16
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • Saccharides- quick energy
  • Sugars- (monosaccharides and disaccharides)
  • Polysaccharides- Plant starches/animal glycogen
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17
Q

what is the chief function of carbs?

A

cell metabolism

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18
Q

Carbohydrates- glucose

A

simple sugar- main fuel for body- composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen BUT ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is always 2:1 (same as water molecules so it is “hydrated” water)

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19
Q

Body Fuels (in order of use)

A

1) glucose
2) polysaccharide (glycogen)
3) lipids (most difficult to use)

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20
Q

Nucleic Acids- DNA

A
  • resides in the nucleus- control center of cell

- contains cell’s hereditary info

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21
Q

Nucleic Acids- RNA

A

-mostly in cytoplasm- mRNA & tRNA

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22
Q

Nucleotides

A

(base-sugar-phosphate combinations) strung together - two chains attach at bases (rungs of ladder) and then spiral to form DNA

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23
Q

Bases only allowed in

A

adenine+thymine OR cytosine + guanine

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24
Q

The order of base combinations in DNA carries what?

A

genetic code

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25
Q

What is the basic component of all living material?

A

Human cell

26
Q

What is the normal number of chromosomes in the human cell

A

46

27
Q

Mammalian cells

A

may be killed by doses of less than 100 rad (1Gy)

28
Q

Effects are much greater when a macromolecule is irradiated in a cell than

A

when irradiated individually

29
Q

cell death occurs with doses

A

less than 100 rad to nucleus; may require 1000 rad or more if only cytoplasm is irradiated.

30
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

Critical for cell survival and requires:
-DNA(codes for proteins cell will make
-mRNA(carrying code thru endoplasmic reticulum to ribosome)
-tRNA
-amino acids
Radiation to any of these could interfere with synthesis but radiation of DNA is most effective in producing response.

31
Q

Mitosis- Somatic Cell Reproduction

A

Mitosis and Interphase

32
Q

Mitosis

A

a. prophase
b. metaphase
c. anaphase
d. telophase

33
Q

Mitosis- Prophase

A

nucleus swells, DNA becomes prominent

34
Q

Mitosis- Metaphase

A

chromosomes line up along nucleus’ equator- easy to study for damage, anomalies here

35
Q

Mitosis- Anaphase

A

chromosomes split and migrate toward nuclear spindles by way of spindle fibers

36
Q

Mitosis- Telophase

A

chromosomes disappear into mass of DNA and nuclear membrane closes off to form two nuclei

37
Q

Interphase (between mitotic events)

A

a. G1- pre-DNA synthesis gap
b. S- DNA synthesis phase- DNA is duplicated
c. G2- post-DNA synthesis gap

38
Q

Meiosis- Genetic Cells

A

Oogonium and spermatogonium

39
Q

Meiosis- Reduction Division

A

46 chromosomes germ cell must be reduced to 23 chromosomes in order to unite with another germ cell and result in 46 chromosomes again

40
Q

First goes through a regular mitosis so you have two cells just alike but then those two divide again without “S” phase (DNA reproduction) Results in four cells with 23 chromosomes.

A

/

41
Q

cells combine to form…

A

tissues to organs to organ systems to organisms

42
Q

Immature cells

A
  • undifferentiated
  • precursor, or
  • stem cells
43
Q

Generally, Immature cells are more or less radiosensitive than mature cells?

A

MORE

44
Q

Cell types with HIGH radiosensitivity

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Spermatogonia
  • Erythroblasts
  • Intestinal crypt cells
45
Q

Cell types with intermediate radiosensitivity

A
  • Endothelial cells
  • Osteoblasts
  • Spermatids
  • Fibroblasts
46
Q

Cell types with Low radiosensitivity

A

muscle cells

nerve cells

47
Q

Organ structure

A
  • Parenchyma (actual tissue of the organ)

- Stroma (connective tissue and vasculature that provides structure to organ)

48
Q

Low radiosensitivity means

A

less sensitive (sometimes equated to radioresistant)

49
Q

what types of cells are least sensitive to radiation exposure?

A

muscle, brain, spinal (nerve) tissue. Takes more radiation to damage these types of cells

50
Q

Mostly due to low cell reproduction, the cells of this type in your body are

A

relatively mature

51
Q

Bergonie and Tribondeau

A

1) stem cells are raadiosensitivie
2) radiosensitivity is high when metabolic activity is high
3) cells which reproduce fast and tissues that grow fast are more radiosensitive than those which reproduce and/or grow more slowly

52
Q

What affects radiation response?

A

LET, RBE, fractionation and protraction, OER, age, gender, recovery, and chemical agents

53
Q

LET (Linear Energy Transfer)

A
  • Ability of radiation to give up its energy per micrometer of tissue
  • the more energy it gives up, the higher the LET
  • As LET increases, biologic damage produced increases.
54
Q

Dx X-rays LET

A

~3keV/umeter

55
Q

RBE (Relative Biologic Effectiveness)

A
  • Quantitatively state- as LET goes up RBE goes up (but not directly proportional)
  • RBE levels out at about 3- cant get any higher
56
Q

RBE of diagnostic x-rays is

A

1

57
Q

Ways to increase tolerance

A

protraction and fractionation- either of these reduce the biological effect of the exposure

58
Q

Protraction

A

give the same dose slower- continuously over an extended period of time- less damaging

59
Q

fractionation

A

use the same dose rate (rad/min) but split the dose into several fractions (portions). Allows for recovery and repair between doses so radiation damage is less.

60
Q

OER (Oxygen Enhancement Ratio)

A

-Numeric description of effect of oxygen

Physics (3 decks)

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