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vascular anatomy > physics review Test 1 > Flashcards

physics review Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

10^9 =

A

Gega (G), billion

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2
Q

10^6=

A

Mega (M), million

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3
Q

10^3=

A

Kilo (k), thousand

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4
Q

10^2 =

A

hecto (h), hundred

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5
Q

10^1 =

A

deca (da) , ten

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6
Q

10^-1

A

deci (d), tenth

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7
Q

10^-2

A

centi (c), hundreth

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8
Q

10^-3

A

milli (m) (thousandth)

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9
Q

10^-6

A

micro (u) millionth

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10
Q

10^-9

A

nano (n) billionth

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11
Q

What is the opposite of giga?

A

nano

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12
Q

What is the opposite of mega?

A

Micro

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13
Q

what is the opposite of kilo?

A

Milli

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14
Q

what is the opposite of hecto?

A

centi

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15
Q

what is the opposite of deca?

A

deci

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16
Q

How are sound pulses created in diagnostic ultrasound?

A

pulses travel through biologic tissue or media

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17
Q

what do all sound waves carry from one location to another?

A

energy

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18
Q

Name some different forms of waves :

A

heat
sound
magnetic
light

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19
Q

sound is a ____________ wave.

A

mechanical

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20
Q

Sound cannot travel through a ________, it must travel through a ________.

A

vacuum, medium.

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21
Q

When sound travels through a medium, the molecules are ___________ and _________.

A

compressed (squeezed together),

Rarefied ( stretched apart)

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22
Q

Sound travels in a ________ line.

A

straight

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23
Q

What type of waves are sound waves?

A

longitudinal

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24
Q

acoustic propagation properties

A

the effects of the medium upon the sound wave.

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25
Q

Biologic effects

A

the effects of the sound wave upon the biologic tissue through which it passes

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26
Q

What are the three acoustic variables?

A

Pressure, density, distance.

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27
Q

What is pressure? What unit is used for pressure?

A

concentration of force in an area

Unit: pascals (Pa)

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28
Q

What is density? What unit is used for density?

A

concentration of mass in a volume.

Units: kg/cm3

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29
Q

What is distance? What unit is used for distance?

A

measure of particle motion.

Unit: cm,feet, mile

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30
Q

What does the acoustic parameters of a sound wave tell you?

A

the waves features

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31
Q

Name the seven acoustic parameters that describe sound waves:

A 
Period 
Frequency 
Amplitude 
Power 
Intensity 
wavelength 
Propagation speed
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32
Q

What direction do particles move in a transverse wave?

A

perpendicular to the direction that the wave propagates.

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33
Q

What direction do particles move in a longitudinal wave?

A

parallel to the direction the wave propagates.

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34
Q

When a pair of waves peaks occur at the same time and at the same location, what is is called?

A

in-phase

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35
Q

What happens when two waves are out of phase?

A

their peaks occur at different times.

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36
Q

When waves lose their characteristic and combine to form a single wave, what is this called?

A

interference

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37
Q

constructive interference

A

in phase waves formation of a wave with greater amplitude.

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38
Q

destructive interference

A

out of phase waves results formation of a single wave with lesser amplitude.

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39
Q

what can happen, when the frequencies of the waves differ?

A

both constructive and destructive interference occur.

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40
Q

What is the source of a sound wave?

A

the ultrasound system and the transducer

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41
Q

What is period? what units is used?

A

The time it takes a wave to vibrate a single cycle.

Units: time

ex: microseconds, seconds, hours, days.

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42
Q

What is frequency ? what units is used?

A

frequency is the number of particular events that occur in a specific duration of time.

Units: per second / hertz

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43
Q

In diagnostic ultrasound, what does the frequency range from?

A

2MHz to 15MHZ

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44
Q

Frequency of a soundwave less than 20Hz, and below the threshold of human hearing is called ?

A

Infrasonic or infrasound

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45
Q

Humans can hear sound frequencies between _______ and _________.

A

20 Hz and 20,000 Hz.

46
Q

Sounds with frequencies so high that humans cannot hear it is called ?

A

Ultrasonic or ultrasound

47
Q

Why is frequency important in diagnostic ultrasound?

A

It affects penetration and image quality.

48
Q

How are period and frequency related?

A

they are inversely related.

49
Q

Frequency is reported with units of Hz, some people believe that hertz means?

A

“cycles per second”

50
Q

what is the meaning of a soundwave with a frequency of 100 hz?

A

100 cycles per second

51
Q

What are the three parameters that describe the size, magnitude, or strength of a soundwave?

A

Amplitude, Power, Intensity

52
Q

What does amplitude tell us in ultrasound?

A

The “bigness” of the a wave.

53
Q

what is the equation for amplitude ?

A

A= Amax-Amin/2

54
Q

What unit is amplitude measured in?

A

any of the acoustic variables

pressure- pascals
density- g/cm^3
particle motion- cm, inches

55
Q

In ultrasound, what does pressure amplitude range from?

A

1 million pascals to 3 million pascals

56
Q

What is the difference between amplitude and peak-to-peak amplitude ?

A

look at page 28 of physics book

57
Q

what is power? what unit is used?

A

the rate of energy transfer or the rate at which work is performed. “bigness of wave”

unit: watts

58
Q

In clinical imaging, typical powers range from

A

0.004 to 0.090 watts (4 to 90 milliwatts)

59
Q

How are amplitude and power related?

A

power is proportional to the wave’s amplitude squared

60
Q

A sonographer increases the amplitude of a wave by a a factor of 3. How has the power changed?

A

power is increased by a factor of 9

61
Q

When a sonographer decreases the amplitude of a wave to 1/2 of its original value, how has the power changed?

A

decreased to 1/4

62
Q

What is intensity?

A

Is the concentration of energy in a sound beam

63
Q

How do you calculate intensity?

A

power (w)/ area (cm^2)

64
Q

What are the units of intensity ?

A

Watts/square, centimeter, or w/cm^2

65
Q

In clinical imaging, intensity ranges from _____ to ______.

A

0.01 to 300 W/cm^2.

66
Q

How are intensity and power related?

A

directly related

67
Q

How are intensity and amplitude related?

A

intensity is proportional to the wave’s amplitude squared

68
Q

what is wavelength ?

A

it is the distance or length of one complete cycle.

For example, imagine a sound wave as similar to a train. Wavelength is the length of a single boxcar in a train.

69
Q

what units is wavelength measured in ?

A

mm, meters, any unit of length.

70
Q

Wavelength is the only parameter that is determined by the ___________ and ___________.

A

source and medium

71
Q

In clinical imaging, wavelength in soft tissues ranges from _____ to _____.

A

0.1 to 0.8 mm

72
Q

What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?

A

inversely related

73
Q

What is the wavelength of 1 MHz sound in soft tissue?

A

1.54mm

74
Q

wavelength in soft tissue

A
  1. 54 mm

1. 54 mm/us

75
Q

Why is wavelength important in diagnostic ultrasound?

A

Plays a major role in image quality.

shorter wavelengths are created by high frequency sound, producing high quality images with greater detail.

76
Q

What is propagation speed?

A

rate at which a sound travels through a medium.

77
Q

What units is speed measured in?

A

m/s, mm/us, any distance divided by time.

78
Q

In the body, the speed of sound ranges from __________ to ____________.

A

500 m/s to 4000 m/s, depending on the tissue through which it is traveling.

79
Q

Speed is only determined by ?

A

the medium.

80
Q

The speed of sound in soft tissue?

A

1,540 m/s.

81
Q

What is the equation of speed?

A

s= frequency (Hz) * wavelength (m)

82
Q

What are the two characteristics of a medium that affect the speed of sound?

A

stiffness & density

83
Q

What does stiffness describe in an object?

A

The ability of an object to resist compression.

84
Q

What does density describe?

A

Density describes the relative weight of a material.

85
Q

How are stiffness and speed related?

A

directly rated

86
Q

How are density and speed related?

A

inversely related

87
Q

A media with low density, will sound travel fast or slow?

A

fast

88
Q

What does bulk modulus?

A

its the same as stiffness

89
Q

Two terms that are opposite of stiff.

A

Elasticity and Compressibility

90
Q

When stiffness increases, speed ________.

A

increases

91
Q

When density increases, speed ________.

A

decreases

92
Q

List the 5 parameters that are all initially determined by the sound source only

A 
Period
Frequency
Amplitude
Power 
Intensity
93
Q

What parameters can the sonographer adjust ?

A

Amplitude, power, intensity

94
Q

What parameter is the only one that is determined by both the sound source and the medium?

A

wavelength

95
Q

Which parameter is the only that is determined by the medium?

A

speed

96
Q

The effects of tissue on sound waves are called _______.

A

Acoustic propagation properties

97
Q

The effects of a medium on an ultrasound wave are called?

A

Acoustic propagation properties.

98
Q

Sound waves weaken, or _______ as they travel in the body.

A

Attenuate

99
Q

What is the standard measurement for attenuation?

A

Db

100
Q

Decibels are based on mathematical construct called what?

A

Logarithms

101
Q

What is the log of 1,000 ?

A

3

102
Q

What is the log of 10,000?

A

4

103
Q

What are Db used for?

A

To report relative changes.

104
Q

Give an example of relative change?

A

“the signal strength has doubled” or the signal is now one-tenth as large as it used to be.”

105
Q

Decibel notation is :

A

A relative measurement
A comparison
A ratio
logarithmic

106
Q

Positive decibels report signals that are _______ in strength, or getting _______.

A

increasing, larger.

107
Q

When a wave’s intensity doubles, the relative change is what?

A

+3 Db.

108
Q

When intensity increases ten-fold, the relative change is

A

+ 10 Db.

109
Q

Negative decibels describe signals that are ________ in strength, or getting ______.

A

Decreasing, smaller.

110
Q

When the intensity is reduced to 1/2 its original value, the relative change is ___.

A

-3db

111
Q

When the intensity is reduced to 1/10 its original value , the relative change is _____.

A

-10 db

vascular anatomy (7 decks)

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