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Rad Quality I > Physics Review > Flashcards

Physics Review Flashcards

1
Q

Which requires energy, movement of an electron from a lower to higher shell, or from a higher to lower shell?

A

movement of an electron from a lower shell to a higher shell requires energy input

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2
Q

Which is accompanied by emission of energy, movement of an electron from a lower to higher shell, or from a higher to lower shell?

What is this energy?

A

movement of electron from a higher to lower shell is accompanied by emission of energy

photons of electromagnetic energy (x-rays)

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3
Q

What occurs when transfer of energy to an orbital electron results in ejection of the electron from the atom?

A

ionization

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4
Q

What does EM energy stand for? What is it?

A

Electromagnetic Energy (“let the light shine”)

produced by 3 processes–> our focus = sudden deceleration of electrical charges

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5
Q

What is the smallest quantity of EM energy? What does it travel at?

A

the photon; travels at the speed of light

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6
Q

Which have a higher frequency, gamma rays or radio waves? What does this tell us?

A

Gamma rays–> a higher frequency, means more energy; and more energy increase the ability to pass through objects (like patients)

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7
Q

What are the two things that photons can act like?

A

a wave and particle

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8
Q

What are the two things we should remember about how photons travel?

A

travel at the speed of light in a:

  • straight line and
  • diverge from their source
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9
Q

What is the velocity of photons when they act as waves?

A

constant; speed of light

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10
Q

What is the number of wavelengths that pass a point of observation per second?

A

frequency (f)

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11
Q

How are wavelength and frequency related? What do they determine?

A

inversely related

determine the energy of the wave

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12
Q

How is frequency and the strength of an x-ray related?

A

frequency has direct/linear relationship with strength of x-ray

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13
Q

Do the inner or outer shell electrons produce higher energy x-rays? What does this allow?

A

inner shell electrons –> and have higher frequency–> therefore pass through patient

(outer shell electrons produce lower energy, w/ lower frequency, can cannot pass through patient easily–> cause tissue damage)

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14
Q

What refers to any form of energy that is transmitted through space?

A

Radiation

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15
Q

T/F. Only matter that completely absorbs the radiation is said to be exposed or irradiated.

A

False–BOTH matter that intercepts either completely or partially absorbs the radiation is said to be exposed or irradiated

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16
Q

What happens to the tissue what is stopping or deflecting x-rays?

What about if the x-rays are going through the tissue?

A

causes tissue damage

No tissue damage

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17
Q

What are three examples of Ionizing radiation?

A
  • x-rays
  • gamma rays
  • UV light
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18
Q

Is ionizing radiation harmful to the body?

A

YES

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19
Q

What are the two sources for Ionizing Radiation?

A
  1. Natural Environment (radon)

2. Man-made

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20
Q

Where does the largest source of Ionizing Radiation come from? What disease is this a major cause of?

A

radon from Natural Environment–> major cause of lung cancer

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21
Q

What are some properties of X-ray photons?

A
  • invisible and highly penetrating
  • no mass or weight
  • produce wide range of energies (high or low kVp)
  • can damage tissues–> via ionization or free radicals
  • no charge–>therefore unaffected by magnetic field
  • scatters upon interaction w/ matter
  • ionizes matter–> DAMAGE tissues
  • NOT FOCUSABLE by a lens
  • no charge
  • have differential absorption by matter
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22
Q

T/F. We can focus x-ray photons by a lens.

A

FALSE— they are NOT focusable by a lens!!!

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23
Q

What type of current is it when electrons flow in a single direction?

A

Direct Current (DC)

24
Q

What type of current is it when electrons flow in a bidirectional method, oscillating back and forth?

A

Alternating Current (AC)

25
Q

When we plug in an x-ray machine, what type of current do we need to change it to? In order words, what is the type of current used in the x-ray tube?

A

change it from AC to DC

26
Q

What is the term used for changing of the AC current coming out of the wall into DC current?

A

Rectification

27
Q

What gives photons more energy? How does this change their ability to pass through patients?

A

Frequency (NOT speed); will be a decrease in wavelength, but will increase energy —> an increase in frequency allows them to pass through patients easier

28
Q

What is the name of the equipment where x-rays are created?

A

The tube–> is lead lined cylinder w/ two circuits and electrons that are acclerated

29
Q

What does the collimator do?

A

limits where the x-rays can travel, it trims/crops x-ray beam

(does NOT focus x-rays)

30
Q

T/F. the collimator focuses x-rays

A

FALSE— it limits where x-rays can travel, but it does NOT focus them

31
Q

What happens to the x-rays when we open up the settings on the collimator?

A

more x-rays are allowed to exit the colllimator and expose more of a patient

32
Q

What happens to the x-rays as we close down the collimator (increased the collimation)?

A

less x-rays come out and less of the patient will be imaged

33
Q

What do the wall buckyy or table bucky do?

A

hold the cassette and have a grid in front of them to remove useless x-rays (scatter x-rays)

34
Q

What does the generator do?

A

power supply to operate the tube

35
Q

What does the control panel do?

A

control show much power is sent from generator to tube in the form of current

36
Q

What is the mAs the product of?

A

seconds(time) x mA (current)

37
Q

What is the mA? What does it determine?

A

current that runs across cathode–> determines how many electrons made at cathode

38
Q

What does the “ON” button on the control panel do?

A

forms electron cloud at cathode

39
Q

What does the expose button on the control panel do?

A

sends electrons to the anode –> x-rays are then created

40
Q

If we keep seconds the same, and we increase the mAs, what does this cause the mA to do?

A

causes an increase in mA—> and MORE x-rays are produced

41
Q

What does an increase in kVp have on the frequency and wavelength of the x-rays?

A

higher frequency and shorter wavelengths

causes x-rays to race across the tube faster and energy of x-rays are higher

42
Q

What will a lower kVp have on frequency and wavelength? How does this impact ability of the x-rays to pass through the patient?

A

travel slower–> decreased frequency and a longer wavelength—> so LESS energy and therefore decrease ability to pass through patient

43
Q

What does an increase in mAs have on electrons and x-rays?

A

increases electrons and increases x-rays

therefore a decrease will decrease electrons and x-rays

44
Q

What is the current that sends electrons from cathode to anode?

A

kVp

will increase frequency and penetrating power of x-ray photons

45
Q

What are filters used for for taking an x-ray?

A

used to even out tissues of varying thickness

Ex: aluminum and glass

46
Q

What type of measurement is used for the Calipers? What does this tell us?

A

cm

tells us how much kVp to use

increase tissue thickness need to increase x-rays used

47
Q

What is SID or FFD?

A

Source-to-image Distance (preferred term)

Focal Film Distance

48
Q

What is the distance from the tube to the film/image receptor called?

A

SID (source-to-image Distance)

49
Q

What effect will a decreased SID have on the anatomy?

A

will magnify anatomy

we DO NOT want this

50
Q

What effect will increased SID have on magnification?

A

will decrease magnification = GOOD and what we want

51
Q

When we use an increase SID, what else shall we change in order to narrow in on the part of the anatomy we want to take a film of?

A

need to increase the collimation so we don’t have scattering x-rays

52
Q

What is the OID/OF?

A

Object-to-image Distance (preferred term)

Object-to-Film Distance

53
Q

What is the distance from the object we are imaging to the film/image receptor called?

A

OID (object-to-image distance)

54
Q

What effect will an increased OID have on the magnification? Is this what we want?

A

will increase the magnification–> which we DO NOT want

55
Q

Is magnification good or bad when taking an x-ray? Why?

A

BAD

  • inaccurate measurements of anatomy/pathology
  • distortion and blurry image (penumbra)
56
Q

Will an increase or decrease in SID/FFD decrease magnification?

A

increased

57
Q

Will an increase or decreased OID/OFD decrease magnification?

A

decreased

Rad Quality I (5 decks)

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