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Science > Physics P1 > Flashcards

Physics P1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Heliocentric model

A

Sun in the centre with everything orbiting it with the moon orbiting earth

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1
Q

Geocentric model

A

Earth is in the centre and everything orbits it, moving in its own little circle

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2
Q

Interface

A

Boundary between two materials

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3
Q

An image from a converging lense

A

Upside down, a real image

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4
Q

Real image

A

An image where the rays of light actually meet at the point where the image is seen

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5
Q

Virtual image

A

The rays of light appear to come from an image but actually don’t. A virtual image cannot be shown on a screen

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6
Q

Image from a reflecting telescope

A

Right way round, sharper, virtual image

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7
Q

Frequency

A

The number of waves passing a point each second

Measured in hertz (Hz)

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8
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance from a point on one wave from the same point on the next wave. Measured in metres

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9
Q

Amplitude

A

The maximum distance of a point on the wave from its rest position. Measured in metres.

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10
Q

Wave speed equation

A

Wave speed (metres/second) =

Distance (metres)
————- = —————-
Time (seconds)

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11
Q

Wave speed

A

frequency x wavelength

Hz x m

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12
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A 
Radio waves, 
microwaves, 
infrared, 
visible light,
 UV, 
X-rays, 
gamma rays

Shortest wavelength, highest frequency, most dangerous

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13
Q

Uses of electromagnetic radiation

A

UV- Shine it on banknotes

Radio waves- broadcast and communication

Infrared- CCTV camera , remotes, toasters,optical fibres

Microwaves- mobile phone signals

Gamma rays- detect and kill cancer, sterilise medical equipment

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14
Q

Ionising radiation

A

Radiation that removes electrons from atoms to form ions, these can mutate and cause cancer

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15
Q

Parts of the electromagnetic spectrum telescopes can detect

A

Visible light, X-rays, ultraviolet, radio waves

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16
Q

Life cycle of star

A

Cloud of gas (nebula), protostar, average star,

  • red giant, shell of gas, white dwarf, black dwarf.
  • red supergiant, supernova, neutron star or black hole
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17
Q

Big Bang theory

A

The whole universe and everything in it started out as a tiny piece of matter around 13.5 billion years ago. The universe expanded and is still expanding. Nothing is being created, and everything is moving away from each other.

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18
Q

Steady state theory

A

The universe has always existed and is expanding, new matter is being created to fill the spaces.

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19
Q

Red shift

A

When the wavelengths from far off stars and galaxies is longer than expected

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20
Q

Infrasound

A

Sound with frequencies below 20 Hz
Elephants and whales use it to communicate
Can be used to detect earthquakes an meteors

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21
Q

Ultrasound

A

Sound with a frequency above 20 000 Hz
Dolphins use it to communicate
Bats use it to detect their surroundings
Boats use it to detect how deep the water is
Can be used to make images of things inside the body

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22
Q

Seismic waves

A

Movements inside the earth, such as earthquakes,which cause waves to be transmitted through the earth.

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23
Q

Seismometers

A

Instruments that detect seismic waves

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24
Q

Focus

A

The place inside the earth where the rock suddenly moves or fractures

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25
Q

Epicentre

A

The point on the surface directly above the focus

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26
Q

P waves

A

Primary waves
Longitudinal waves
Faster than S waves

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27
Q

S waves

A

Secondary waves
Transverse waves
Slower than P waves

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28
Q

Renewable resources

A

Resources that will not run out

  • solar energy
  • hydroelectricity
  • wind turbines
  • geothermal energy
  • tidal power
  • wind power
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29
Q

Non renewable resources

A

They will run out, they are not sustainable and produce waste gases

  • coal
  • oil
  • gas
  • nuclear fuel
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30
Q

Step down transformer

A

Lowers the voltage increases the current

More turns on primary coil

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31
Q

The potential difference produced by a transformer can be calculated by………………………………..

A

Voltage (primary) = Turns (p.)

-------------                            -------------

Voltage (secondary) Turns (s.)

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32
Q

Power formula

A

Power = Energy used
——————
Time

Watt, W = Joule, J
————
Seconds, S

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33
Q

Other formula for power

A

Power = Current x Voltage

watt,W= amps,A x volt,V

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34
Q

Cost formula

A

Cost = power x time x cost of 1kWh

p = kW x hours x cost

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35
Q

Payback time

A

Cost
——————–
Savings per year

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36
Q

Energy conversion diagram / sankey diagram

A

Shows the amount of energy converted or transferred

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37
Q

Efficiency

A

How good a device is at converting energy into useful forms

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38
Q

Efficiency formula

A

Efficiency=

Useful energy transferred by device
————————————————
Total energy supplied to device

                  x 100
39
Q

Transformer

A

Electricity is generated and transmitted around the country by a system if cables and wires called the national grid. It starts at a power station where a step up transformer increases the voltage because if the voltage increases the current is reduced so the wire does not heat up, once through the transmission lines, transformers decrease the voltage for factories then the last step is when in local substations the voltage is decreased to it can get to homes and shops safely.

40
Q

All waves have…

A

Wavelength
Frequency
Amplitude
Speed

41
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance from one peak to the next

42
Q

Waves transfer..

A

Energy and information without transferring matter

43
Q

Transverse

A

The vibrations are at 90 degrees to the direction of travel of the wave

S waves

Most waves are transverse, ripples on water

44
Q

Longitudinal

A

The vibrations are along the SAME DIRECTION as the wave is travelling

Sound and ultrasound

P waves

45
Q

Oscilloscopes

A

Show things as transverse waves

46
Q

Reflection

A

When a wave hits a boundary between one medium and another some of its energy is reflected

Something reflects because of a change of density

47
Q

Angle of reflection equals…

A

Equals angle of incidence

48
Q

Waves travel at different speeds in substances which have different densities

A

EM waves travel more slowly in denser media

Sound waves travel faster in denser substances

49
Q

When a wave crosses a boundary between two substances

A

It changes speed

50
Q

If the wave hits the boundary face on

A

It slows down but carries on in the same direction

51
Q

If a wave meets a different medium at an angle

A

One part of the wave hits the denser layer first and slows down

While the other part carries on at the first, faster speed so the wave changes direction

52
Q

Converging lense

A

-Convex lens-bulges outwards
-Causes parallel Rays of light to converge to a focus
-
Axis is a line passing through the middle
-

53
Q

Focal point

A

Where all the Rays hitting the lens parallel to the axis meet

Each lens has one in front of the lens and behind

54
Q

Refracting telescope

A

Uses two converging lenses
Objective lens and eyepiece lens
Virtual Image

55
Q

Hydroelectricity

A
  • Uses a dam
  • Rainwater is caught and allowed out through turbines
  • Immediate response to demand
  • Initial high costs but minimal running costs and reliable
56
Q

Wave Power

A
  • Provides up and down motion for turbine
  • Fairly unreliable
  • Uses waves close to shore which are less powerful than waves out at sea
57
Q

Tidal barrages

A
  • Big dams across river estuaries with turbines in them
  • Tide comes in and fills up estuary, water allowed out through turbines at controlled speed
  • Can only be used in a few suitable estuaries but reliable
58
Q

Wind power

A
  • Each wind turbine has its own generator inside
  • No pollution
  • Spoil view and noisy
  • Only work when it’s windy
59
Q

Solar cells

A
  • Generate electricity on a small scale
  • In sunny countries it’s very reliable
  • Only in daytime
  • Cost effective
60
Q

Geothermal energy

A
  • Only possible in places where hot rocks are near the surface
  • Water is piped down and the steam is used
  • No real environmental problems
  • High set up costs
61
Q

Biomass

A
  • Anything from farm waste, Animal droppings, landfill rubbish
  • Burnt to drive turbines or fermented to produce ‘biogas’
  • Carbon neutral
62
Q

Less dense to dense

A

Towards the normal

63
Q

Dense to less dense

A

Away from the normal

64
Q

At 2F the image is

A

Same size
Real
Upside down

65
Q

Between 2F and F the image is

A

Bigger
Real
Upside down

66
Q

Between F and lens the image is

A

Bigger
Virtual
Upright

67
Q

How does a refracting telescope work

A

Objective lens converges the Rays to form a real image at the focal point

The Rays of light from the image enter the eyepiece lens and it spreads them out so they fill more of your retina and make the image look bigger

68
Q

SETI

A

Looks for radio signals from other planets

69
Q

Nebula to main sequence star

A

The force of gravity makes the gas and dust spiral in together

Gravitational energy is converted to heat energy so the heat rises

70
Q

Main sequence star

A

When the temperature gets high enough, hydrogen nuclei undergo thermonuclear fusion to form helium nuclei and give out massive amounts of energy

Long stable period, heat created by fusion provides an outward pressure to balance the force of gravity pulling inwards

71
Q

Main sequence to red giant

A

Hydrogen in the core begins to run out and the star swells into a red giant (red because the surface cools)

72
Q

Red giant to planetary nebula to white dwarf

A

Becomes unstable and then ejects its outer layer of dust and gas as a planetary nebula

This leaves behind a jot dense solid core which cools down and eventually disappears

73
Q

Red supergiant to supernova

A

Start to glow more brightly again as they undergo more fusion and expand and contract several times forming heavier elements I’m various nuclear reactions

Eventually they explode in a supernova

74
Q

Supernova to neutron star or black hole

A

Exploding super nova throws put the outer layers of dust and gas into space leaving a very dense core called a neutron star

If is big enough it will become a black hole

75
Q

How was infrared discovered by Herschel

A

Shone white light through a prism to create a spectrum on a screen

He used a thermometer to measure each colours temperature- it increased from violet to red

Just past red was the hottest

76
Q

How did Ritter discover ultraviolet

A

Silver chloride turns white to black when exposed to light so he measured how fast silver chloride coated strips changes when exposed to different colours

In a dark room he created a spectrum using a light source and a prism and exposed the strips to each colour

Was quicker near the blue end of the spectrum and quickest just after violet

77
Q

Dangers of EM

A 
Microwaves-heat human body cells
Infrared- skin burns
Ultraviolet-Skin cancer, eye damage 
X-Rays- cancer
Gamma rays- cancer, cell damage
78
Q

Alpha

A

Helium nuclei

79
Q

Beta

A

Electrons

80
Q

Gamma rays

A

Electromagnetic radiation

81
Q

Spectrometers

A

Telescope directs beam of light at a slit
This diffracts the light and splits it into a spectrum
The light spectra from stars and galaxies contain dark lines from light being absorbed by elements in a stars atmosphere
Can be used to work out what stars and galaxies are made of

82
Q

Elements and spectrometry

A

Each element has its own absorption spectrum

83
Q

Tectonic plates

A

They are like rafts that ‘float’ on the mantle

Convection currents cause them to drift

84
Q

Why do seismic waves refract

A

The density of the mantle and core change which is why there’s a curved path

85
Q

What direction do electrons flow in

A

Positive to negative

Anticlockwise

86
Q

How do u induce a voltage

A

Moving a magnet through a coil

Electromagnetic induction

87
Q

If a magnet is moved the opposite direction in the cool

A

Current is induced in the opposite direction

88
Q

If the magnet is moved the same way with the opposite side

A

Current is induced in the opposite direction

89
Q

What effects the size of an induced current and voltage

A

Strength of magnet
Area of coil
Number of turns on coil
Speed of movement- higher frequency

90
Q

Environmental problems with non renewable

A
  • Fossil fuels release CO2
  • Burning coal and oil releases SO4
  • Coal mining makes a mess of the landscape
  • Oil spillages cause environmental problems
  • Nuclear waste is dangerous and difficult to dispose of
  • Cost of Nuclear is high
  • Nuclear catastrophes
91
Q

Setting up power stations considerations to take

A
  • Set up costs
  • Set up time
  • Running/fuel costs
  • Reliability
  • Environmental issues
  • Location issues
92
Q

How do solar panels use heat radiation

A

Water pipes under a Matt black surface and shiny inner surface

93
Q

How do survival blankets use heat radiation

A

Silver blankets stop body heat radiating away

94
Q

Types of energy saving stuff

A
  • Loft insulation
  • Hot water tank jacket
  • Double glazing
  • Draught proofing
  • Cavity Walls and insulation
  • Thick curtains
95
Q

People with transmitting huge amounts of energy

A
  • Still isn’t very efficient, power losses high
  • High voltage is a risk to people
  • People worried about long term effects of living near power lines
96
Q

Step up transformer

A

Voltage increase current decrease

More turns on secondary coil

Science (4 decks)

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